A Lost Lady – Essay

Set In Sweet Water, In the western plains, where Captain Forrester could comfortably transport â€Å"friends from Omaha or Denver over from the station in his democrat wagon† (5) to his stately home, a story unfolds that pits two worlds against each other–that of an Ideal past and that of the grim present. The narrator assumes the perspective of a third person omniscient, able to provide Insight Into characters' thoughts and motivations, and centers the novel on Marina Forrester and the men who surround her.Yet what seems to Interest Catcher irately in this work is the conflict between two generations of pioneer men in the West and resulting redefinition of manhood during the lamina period between the late 1 9th and early 20th centuries. Largely, Nile Herbert fascination with Marina Forrester and the men whom she attracts drives the novel, for Nile observes Marina through the years–with an interest that mirrors that of Wintergreen in Henry Sesame's Daisy Miller. Despite their age difference (he is 12 years old when he first meets Mrs..Forrester), Nile becomes enthralled with Marina as an image of Victorian mysticism during his youth. She becomes an â€Å"angel of the house,† happily greeting visitors in a disheveled dressing gown, with her hair partially coiffed, or toting baskets of freshly baked cookies to the neighborhood boys playing near the stream on the Forrester grounds. While Nile is still a boy, the Captain assumes the role of a great protector who chooses not to drain his fields for more productive land, but rather magnanimously allows the creek to run through his pasture, because he can afford to and because he admires the beauty of the place.This landscape becomes hemolytic, for when the Captain becomes ill and eventually dies, many changes take place at the homestead. For Catcher, the noble pioneer embodied by the Captain, who appreciates nature and values its beauty, finds replacement in the selfish modern man of Ivy P eters, who sees nature only In terms of resources waiting to be stripped and profits to be made. When Captain Forester's health weakens, Ivy Peters moves onto Forester's land and starts to assume his role as the dominant male In the household, replacing the grand, strong figure of the older railroad man.Ivy makes the session to drain the Forrester' meadowland, Instead planting wheat that will then be harvested and cut down. Catcher writes: â€Å"All the way from Missouri to the mountains this generation of shrewd, young men, trained to petty economies by hard times, would do exactly what Peters had done when he drained the Forrester marsh† (90). Here, Ivy acts as a symbol of a new generation of ruthless â€Å"shrewd young men† who ravage the landscape and strip the feminizes earth of her resources.Yet Ivy will not only dominate the land; the beautiful woman, like the beautiful land, also Decodes a target AT exploration. Marlin Forrester Decodes Immediately Keenan to a bird when Nile returns after being away for two years from the Forrester and the town in which they live. When Nile first greets Marina, he does so by clasping her in his arms while she lay on a hammock, â€Å"like a bird caught in a net† (92).This image of a bird becomes instrumental in Marina's relationship to Ivy; if Marina is the bird, then is the cruel male who will mutilate her and show her his dominance increasingly. That Catcher would use this image of a bird in reference to Marina, after roving her reader with a dramatic scene of cruelty and abuse when Peters uses a tool from a taxidermy kit to slice the eyes of a female woodpecker he has captured in his hands, while calling her â€Å"Miss Female,† stands as something more than coincidence.When the reader examines Ivy's treatment of Mrs.. Forrester, one sees that she becomes more and more dependent on him and therefore must tolerate his disrespectful behavior. â€Å"Poison Ivy† will become the scourge t hat ravages the â€Å"forest† found in Marina Forrest(ere), subtly spreading and taking over her land. A casting image of Marina emerges from the story she tells about how she and Captain Forrester became married.When Marina describes the scene in which she, crippled with two broken legs, is carried out of the ravine by men who took alternate turns in bearing her weight, an image of Captain Forrester holding the broken body of his wife reveals the Captain's comfort in taking care of a dependent woman. Marina's dependence does not threaten the Captain but draws them together. Marina submits to Captain Forrester and trusts that he will take care of her, for he represents the idealized image of masculinity that countered the Victorian â€Å"angel of the house† as the strong, dominant provider.After her husband's death, which leaves her disoriented like the blinded bird, without the Captain to carry her or give her a strong sense of noble masculinity from which to contrast herself, she must redefine her feminine female subject position against a new kind of male. Just as the new, modern male will exploit land and women, so will Marina learn to use her beauty as a commodity, in order to gain financial security within an increasingly commercialism world of men.

Effects of Identity Theft on Social Networking Sites

This research is important because of the rowing risks of Identity Theft, as the blob sites and social networking sites Users population increase, Identity theft crimes also increases. This may help the students to focus on their studies, knowing that they are safe from Identity theft criminals because nowadays, social networking sites are used in sharing information that may help them in their studies. The study is concerned with the various personalities of the student, this is one way to release and expose their creativity to provide interactive materials in preventing identity theft.This is to warn the Users about Identity Theft. This study is conducted for the users to be aware in these existing crimes. This can develop the values of an individual which shows care in their fellow users that can be a victim of identity theft. Being a contributor in decreasing the identity theft in social networking sites deserves honor in the country, it can be not as formal as expected, but it g ives moral to the country. With this research, contributors started to be professionals by sharing their efforts and knowledge to help the country fight against Identity theft.Theft is an unusual act of human being which results too rime that intentionally creates huge problem in our society. Theft builds a serious damage in reputations and accounts in users of computer system, personal properties of users may and can be steal anytime by the fraudsters. Identity Theft is an epidemic which is rising in our society, it affects everybody even the newbie which are new users and adequate users, Criminals for many years improved materials to get easy access in stealing. Identity theft is a serious crime that defrauds millions of dollars from innocent victims.Identity Theft exists because of the advance ways of doing crimes which result to inhuman to inhuman nature act. There are instances that Identity Theft crimes are unrecognized by users that's why criminals are more pursuing the act o f stealing that builds a broken system in our computer society. The effects of Identity Theft really change each and every member of Social Networking Sites, Identity Theft creates damage which is not limited in financial problems, and psychologically users were also affected because of the improper use of their identity that tends to destroy their reputation.Social Networking Sites were also affected; there would be less numbers of users because they are afraid of Identity theft which ends to break rules and security and system in Social Networking sites. If there are mounting problems for sure there would be more alternative solutions for their kind of increasing problem, through implementing rules and laws would be more accurate and flexible in building a strong security and social networking sites and other websites.Security operators and administrators in Internet will also play a big role in preventing and decreasing Identity theft. Since there are different kinds of Theft tha t are existing in our country, students must be aware in these existing crimes to prevent more hilarious situations. Technology was developed because of humans high intellectual abilities and they can create either epidemic crime of precautionary measures in existing crimes. Many people are innocent in fraudsters and criminals that's why they need to improve their knowledge when it comes to cautions about Identity Theft.Unimplemented laws result in increasing crimes that's why it should be release as soon as possible to prevent existing crimes. If we minimize Identity Theft there would be a solid computer system which can be attain through knowledge sharing to the users. Definition of Identity Theft Identity theft is a crime. Identity Theft and Identity fraud are terms used to refer to all types of crime in which someone wrongfully obtains and uses another person's personal data in some way that involves fraud or deception, typically for economic grain stated by the U. S.Department of Justice. With enough information about an individual, a criminal can take over that individual's identity to conduct wide range of crimes like fraudulent use of telephone calling cards, or obtaining other goods or privileges which the criminal might be denied if he were to use his real name. Identity Theft is â€Å"an absolute epidemic†, according to Robert Ellis Smith, a respected privacy author and advocate. It affects everybody, and there is very little you can do to prevent it and, I think, worst of all-?you can't detect it until it's probably too late. Some law-enforcement authorities call identity theft â€Å"the fastest growing crime across the country right now†. In fact, identity theft is the most called-about subject on the Privacy Rights Clearinghouses telephone hotlist. (http:// www. Identifying. Org/). In many cases, a victim's losses may include not only out-of- octet financial losses, but substantial additional financial costs associated with trying t o restore his reputation in the community and correcting erroneous information for which the criminal is responsible. (http://www. ]justice. Gob/criminal/ fraud/websites/theft. HTML) Coming from the answer of Anna Marie Estonia, a sophomore IBIS student of PUT, Identity Theft is a form of stealing someone's identity in which someone pretends to be someone else by assuming that person's identity, typically in order to access resources or obtain credit and other benefits in that person's name. Therefore, the researcher concludes that Identity Theft is a Technological act of Theft, this involved High Technological objects Oriented Materials which are used in stealing. As our Technology develops many crimes were developed as well because of the improper use of internet and computer system.Identity Theft implies the low security in accessing internet and other online sites which can cause devastation in other users. Many cases were not yet settled with regards to this manner and many imp lemented subscriptions were in act to support the anti-Latinity Theft in Social Networking Sites which can help many recent and future users. The Concept of Social Networking Sites More and more, people are turning to the Internet to keep in touch with friends, family and colleagues. Social networking sites (SONS), make staying involved quicker, easier – and more fun – than ever before.However, Social Networking Sites have drawbacks. These relate to privacy. While you can protect yourself, you can't control what others post about you – a growing concern as employers are beginning to search out information about new and potential employees. As there are few erasers to fraudulent usage, there is significant risk of misrepresentation. A user should also monitor the terms of use for SONS – they have been known to change without notice. People have also been known to become addicted, spending so much of their time on these sites that their real lives suffer. 5 minute Guide to Social Networking Sites) Social Networking sites are social network sites as web-based services that allow individuals to construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system; articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and view ND traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system. (http://]CM. Indiana. Du/via/issues/Boyd. Ellison. HTML) There are dating sites, friendship sites, and sites with a business purpose and hybrids that offer a combination of these. Globally, hundreds of millions of people have Joined one or more social sites. Whom. PCMCIA. Com) From the response of Noel Angelo Magellan, Social Networking Sites are more likely a virtual place where people in the world can communicate and interact with each other socially and as explained by Christine Marie Tyson, Social Networking ties are used for communicating our love ones in other places in the world, our long lost friends, used for worldw ide meetings and many more. In short, communicating people's lives to another person around the world. Example of this sites are Faceable, Twitter, Renee, Webb, mayday and many more.To sum it up, Social Networking Sites are made for the purpose of social interaction – connecting and communicating with one another around the world through internet. Describing the Cases of Identity Theft Law enforcement agencies have developed new methods and new relationships to catch the bad guys in cyberspace. Some cases include Reshipping and Pushing. Reshipping is an operation in which conspirators or unwitting accomplices in the United States are hired to receive packages of electronic or other merchandise bought with fraudulent or stolen credit cards, and then repackages the merchandise for shipment, usually abroad.By the time the merchant finds out that the credit card was fraudulent, the merchandise is already in another country. Pushing is the act of attempting to steal passwords and financial information by posing as a trustworthy person or business in a seemingly official (spoofed) electronic communication. Daniel Larkin, Fighting Online Crime) It may seem that there are some countries like the United States and Australia which have already enacted laws that pertain to the prosecution of identity theft related crimes. The Philippines however, being one of the largest Faceable populations in the world -? is also one of the many countries without a law to protect its citizens from online identity theft. Clogging is one of the many online problems involving identity theft. A Kellogg is software that tracks your keystrokes and records them so that a hacker can go back later and see what sites you visited, what information you submitted and more. Gallopers work invisibly in the background and are impossible to detect without security software. (www. Agro. H) As explained by Christine Marie Tyson, cases of identity theft nowadays can do anything like, chatting with strangers to get close with them, pushing, hack one's account in order to get some benefits of their victims, impersonates someone else in order to conceal their own true identity, getting somebody else's photos and information through social networking sites and portray or imitate the identity of the victim. To summarize the discussion, the one thing that all of these attacks have in common though is the very thing that binds social networks together: trust.We need to become far more aware of the value of our personal information and importantly the information we have about your friends. Effects of Identity Theft in Social Networking Sites The growing popularity of social networking sites (SONS) among the Internet users demands an introspection of personal and social behavior of human beings. Today 1. 5 billion people across the world have their profiles in social networking sites. SONS becomes a reason for anxiety and addiction.The beginning of social networking sites started to make contacts with people and build a network of healthy relationship in the society. But now it seems offering cybernetics's a great advantage to target victims. (International Journal of Business and Social Science) As stated by Risk Ferguson, Senior Security Adviser of Trend Micro, â€Å"With explosive growth and user populations of this order it's hardly surprising that these services also appear to be coming of age as attack platforms for cybernetics's. Web 2. With its user-generated, rich, interactive content and social networking with its interlinked trust-based networks of people and groups, offer cybernetics's great scope for leveraging the capabilities offered, both to disseminate traditional forms of mallard through new channels and also to carry out social engineering attacks for the purposes of target profiling or identity theft†. (http:// hosted. Personalities. Com/358216/affection/1746500010/cybercafà ©/) Based on the answer of Paul Francis del Rosaries, †Å"It can affect the site's popularity.Some people would probably quit using the site if their image or identity were used in ways that they did not know about. The site would have reduced users which would also affect their income rate. Because social networking sites usually depends on how many users they have on their site for example is the â€Å"Faceable†. † To sum up, with limited government oversight, industry standards or incentives to educate users on security, privacy and protecting your identity, users are then exposed to identity theft and fraud.Additionally, these platforms have terabytes of confidential user information and are likely vulnerable to outside (or inside) attack. Although the issue is not yet in the mainstream conscious, it may well e sooner or later. Cyber laws have to be fortified with advancement of rules as if violators cannot escape committing a crime, at the cost of societal value. Ways on how Identity Theft can be avoided As with any cri me, you can't guarantee that you will never be a victim, but you can minimize your risk These are some of the tips that can make you and your family, safe on social networking sites : 1) Change the profile privacy now.Keep your information accessible only to people in your friend list. 2) Don't post very personal information on the profile. It includes your email ‘d, date of birth, contact number, mom address and information about your family members. Just like in the real world, it is not possible to completely protect oneself from a crime like identity theft. But there are many safeguards you can adopt to protect your identity. 1 Protect your wallet. Some people keep a lot of stuff in their wallet – credit card charge slips, deposit slips, and all IDs, including their ASS and TIN cards.Minimize your risk by keeping items with personal information in a safe place home. 2. ) Protect your computer. Use anti-virus software, as well as firewall and anti- spare software. Th is will help deter criminals' efforts in stealing your personal information. Coming from the answer of Mark Angelo Menace, mostly, celebrities are the victims of Identity theft and it can be avoided in a form or way of privacy. Celebrities should have privacy in other aspects of their life. In the side of the poser or the theft, self-discipline is the best way to avoid this.Another is, other people can report cases like Identity theft. Overall, people should be contented on who they are and what they have and with that there will be no more cases like these. As a conclusion, these are many ways in minimizing Identity Theft; we Just eave to implement it and continue to maintain the security of our computer system. The simplest way in minimizing this increasing numbers on thieves in Identity theft crisis is by Just being responsible enough in our belongings. Minimizing Identity theft will lead to a better computer system.

Retail Market Analysis - Mobile Phone Retailing in the UK for the last Essay

Retail Market Analysis - Mobile Phone Retailing in the UK for the last quarter of 2011 (October December) - Essay Example Current paper focuses on the mobile phone industry of UK; the country’s mobile retail market is analysed emphasizing on the last quarter of 2011. Reference is also made to the industry’s performance in the past, especially during 2011, since it is considered as a valid indicator of the industry’s performance not only in the last quarter of 2011 but also in the future. A problem has appeared when reviewing the performance of the sector’s major competitors for the last quarter of 2011: not all of these firms publish their financial accounts and it was not possible to retrieve these figures through the organizations’ websites. However, where such information was not available, other websites, providing information on this issue, have been used as alternatives for identifying the financial performance of mobile retailing firms in UK for the 4th Quarter of 2011. Also, where figures are not available for the particular period of time, such as for example in the case of Hutchison, reference is made to the performance of the firm for the entire 2011 so that the comparison of the performance of the firm with its rivals to be feasible. Mobile phone sector in the UK - overview Mobile phone industry is quite valuable for the UK economy. Currently, the mobile connections in UK are estimated to 81 million (Mobile Operators Association 2012). In fact, the sector’s operators have managed to gain about a 71% of the telecommunications sector in UK (Mobile Operators Association 2012).... Five are the sector’s competitors, as highlighted in Figure 1 below. Customers of these firms seem to be quite satisfied with the services provided to them; in a survey conducted in 2010 it was revealed that a percentage of 93% of the industry’s customers are quite satisfied with the quality of customer services within the particular industry (Mobile Operators Association 2012). The key point for the transformation of the UK mobile retailing industry has been the merger of Orange UK with T Mobile UK in July, the 1st of 2010 (Everything Everywhere 2010). Since then, the distribution of power among the industry’s competitors has been significantly changed, as analysed below. 3. Mobile phone sector in the UK for the last quarter of 2011 (October – December) – industry analysis 3.1 Competition As already noted above, five are the major competitors in the UK mobile phone industry (Figure 1); through the years, these firms have tried to keep their share i ntact, despite the high industry’s competition (Figure 2). The graph in Figure 1 reveals that new entrants or substitute products do not threaten the performance of the industry’s major competitors, as this issue is taken into consideration when evaluating a firm’s performance using the Porter’s five forces model on industry competition. In fact, the market share of these firms seems to be standardized, being kept at same levels from 2008 up to 2010 (Figure 1). A similar trend, in terms of performance, would be expected for 2011, as also verified by the graph in Figure 2. Figure 1 – Five major competitors in the UK mobile phone industry, performance for the period 4thQ of 2008 up to the 1stQ of 2010 (Source: Telecoms Market Research 2011) On the other hand, the graph in Figure 2 below reveals a

Traditional Challenge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Traditional Challenge - Essay Example Most of the Organizations in China, after they get the right Guanxi, they minimizes the rate frustrations, disappointments, and risks in their businesses. Once an organization gets the right Guanxi through the required authority, Guanxi determines how long that business will last depending on the competition that exists in the business environment. Most of the risks that may encounter a business are reduced once you have the right Guanxi system at work for you. The right Guanxi is a key factor when it comes to a business in China.Guanxi sometimes can be demanding when it comes to resources and time. The resources needed and time required in establishing this network is worth the investment as everything else in the business becomes secure. In the current China’s situation, Guanxi is to be considered as an asset. Looking at how China is growing business wise, Guanxi system will be of high help as it minimizes the risks in business. China has got a different way of doing busines s that they only do business with the people that they trust; having the Guanxi system in place they increase the chances on being more successful in their businesses.Although sometimes Guanxi can be mistaken for corruption, relationships are better virtues when it comes to businesses. Guanxi is usually regarded legal in Chinese culture and it does not involve bribery in any way. Before conducting any business in China, having a good relationship with a partner in business will increase trust and this is what Guanxi comes about with.

Animal Cruelty Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Animal Cruelty - Speech or Presentation Example Besides fighting for an end in anima cruelty, these groups are concerned with the formulation of policies to help animal cruelty, animal health, and nutrition and well as proper slaughtering of animals. Indeed, animals cannot speak for themselves. For this reason, such groups become important in the fight against their cruelty. Policies and Foundations started to help animals As mentioned earlier, the increased instances of animal cruelty in the recent past has led to the formulation of policies and foundations solely aimed at reducing animal cruelty. In the United States for instance, there exist thousands of such polices and foundations. In 1966, the Animal Welfare Act was enacted (Brewster 163). This law laid the legal framework upon which the protection against animal cruelty was established. The law has undergone various amendments including the most recent 2007 amendment. So far, this is the only legislation that regulates the treatment of animals during research, transport, ex hibition among others. There are other federal and state policies, legislations and guidelines which are also aimed at controlling animal treatment and use. However, all these tend to refer to the Animal Welfare Act. ... Such societies include the Massachusetts Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the Animal Control Association for those living in Texas(Brewster 63). Among other roles, these societies advocate for the adoption of measures aimed at protecting animals from cruelty. For instance, the Animal Control Association for those Living in Texas has instituted a wide range of measures and guidelines aimed at controlling the way people treat animals so as to protect them against unfair harm and cruelty. The policies, regulations and guidelines set aside to protect animals against cruelty play a significant role. Among other things, they: Enlighten the public and sensitize them on matters regarding animal cruelty. Sensitize the public on their duties and responsibility to ensure animal cruelty is avoided. Prepare and avail relevant information regarding to the control of animals against cruelty and harm. Provide expertise on animal safety to various groups as people at different levels. Identify and making recommendation regarding various challenges that need to be addressed so as to better the lives of animals Link and act as liaison between various agencies, associations and societies aimed at preventing animal cruelty. Right Care for Animals The most common way of cruelty on animals is improper feeding. This occurs in instances where people show deliberate negligence towards their animals. They fail to provide adequate food and water to such animas. This has often led to starvation, dehydration, illnesses, among other adverse conditions. Right care of animals is not just limited to proper feeding alone. Animals also require proper shelter. Thus, it is

International Perspective in Organisation Coursework

International Perspective in Organisation - Coursework Example Global justice has been regarded as an issue that has attracted concern among global justice scholars. One of the key concerns about this issue is the fair distribution of global resources and the role of global institutional order in light of global poverty. Corporations should be seen as agents of global justice and (David Held, 2002).A number of questions can be asked about this topic, have organization been successful in the promotion of global justice? What efforts are put by corporations to promote global justice? Some scholars regard corporations as secondary agents of justice in powerful states and can also act as the primary agents for states that are weak or that have failed. However, other scholars present different arguments about the issue of global justice with respect with corporations. Corporations and their business enterprises can bring benefits or can harm the BoP in different direct and indirect ways. For example, corporations bring direct and positive effects on the economies on nations that are developing by the transfer of both managerial and technical skills and knowledge ( Blake 2012). The Rawlsian theory also presents a different perspective on the role of corporations in the promotion of global justice called the dualism theory. This theory advocates for a social cooperation in which major institutions emerge into one system and the equality in the assignment of fundamental rights and duties. Firms can also contribute positively through the use of technology and also advancement of business infrastructure(Rugman and Doh 2008).Firms and corporations can also cause negative impacts on the BoP,for example this can happen directly when the members of the BoP are harmed by the corporation’s products or labour conditions.Indrect harm can occur when the operations and processes of a corporation cause harmful effects on the external environment such as air pollution, water table drainage or the

Short response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short response - Essay Example The capitalists of all countries forced their workforce to wage for the issue through massive wage cuts and layoffs. At the same time, the issue drove the high-class persons to construct protectionist alliances to protect their destabilized economies. Britain constructed its Sterling alliance, while America passed the Smoot-Hawley statement to wall off the American economy from competitors. As anticipated, economic competition, become an open war to grab opportunities and regions from rival nations. The exploration of sustenance stretched extraordinarily throughout WWII. In the United States, researchers attempted to recognize which vitamins and minerals were most fundamental to a sound body and in what sums. Studies were led to figure out what number of calories were smoldered doing different exercises. Legitimate sustenance arrangement, stockpiling and taking care of, and conservation turned into a top necessity for the military. Troopers proportions were deliberately detailed to supply the greatest measure of nourishment and vitality, while accommodating mixed bag and taste2. Meeting these tests implied working first in the research facility before working in the kitchen. The advancement of the D-proportion gives an extraordinary case. The "D" proportion was a high-calorie crisis apportion that came as a strengthened chocolate bar. A three-share bundle of these bars might furnish a fighter with 1,800 calories of vitality. Once the military settled on a chocolate bar for thei r crisis proportion, researchers set about making it, with the accompanying prerequisites: it needed to weigh 4 ounces, it must be high in calories, it must have the capacity to withstand high temperatures, and it needed to taste "a bit superior to a bubbled potato." This last necessity was forced to keep officers from nibbling on their crisis proportions in non-crisis circumstances.

Managing for future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Managing for future - Essay Example The management approach of a company differs as per the objectives and intention, but the principal aim is to ensure smooth business transaction and streamlining of the process. In the similar way, the capability of the management of a company holds utmost importance in the process of managing and dealing with the several business challenges. In order, to highlight the importance of managerial capabilities of an organization, this study intends to refer to a real life company. The company chosen in this context is Vodafone. This study therefore seeks to shed light on the management approach and style of Vodafone pertaining to its business environment and business operation. The areas that will be focused upon in this project are corporate social responsibility of the company, sustainability programs being initiated by the company and also the company’s ability to deal with crisis and catastrophe events. The paper will at first present a brief synopsis of Vodafone and short des criptions pertaining to the concepts associated with the subject of concern. Furthermore, the study will also enlighten the efforts put in by the management of the company in the timeframe 2007-2013. Lastly, the study will analyse the competence of Vodafone in these three chosen fields of business by comparing with the current level of proficiency and would develop a scenario of the future in which Vodafone will function. The definition of the key concepts associated with the study will be presented after the brief overview of the company. In light of these concepts, critical review of the current achievements of the company and theoretical models will be presented in a detailed manner. Vodafone: A Brief Overview Vodafone Group plc or commonly known as Vodafone is a UK based telecommunication company involved in telecommunication business. The company was incorporated in the year 1991. Prior to that, Vodafone was known as Racal Telecom, but in the year 1991 only, Vodafone became a n ew identity and was founded in Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom. The company is presently headquartered at London, UK. In terms of the overall revenue and number of subscribers, the company is the 2nd largest mobile telecommunication company of the world. Globally, the pole position has been held by China Mobile. Vodafone has presence in 30 countries of the world and operates with partner networks in around 40 nations. As of 2012, the company employs around 86,400 people (Vodafone, 2012a). The best selling products of the company are mobile telephony, fixed line, and digital television and internet services. However, in the recent past the company has also made tie-ups with mobile phone manufacturers to sell mobile phones under the brand name of Vodafone. The company mainly operates with exclusive retail distribution and exclusive company owned stores. Nevertheless, the advent of technology and stringent competition levels has compelled the company to make their presence online. T hrough their online stores, the company sell their products; allow users to pay their bills etc. Some of the major competitors of the company are 3 mobile, Airtel, France Telecom and Xon Mobile, Telefonica Europe plc, Dutch Telecom among others (Hoovers, 2013). The net revenue of the company in the year 2012 was ?46.417Â  billion and the profit was ?6.957Â  billion. Furthermore, the total asset of the company as of 2012 was

Nursing shortage, a major healthcare issue Research Paper

Nursing shortage, a major healthcare issue - Research Paper Example The seriousness of the matter can be gauged from the following reports. In July 2007, American Hospital Association released a report that U.S hospitals needed approximately 116,000 RNs to fill vacant positions. Percentage wise this translated into 8.1 percent of occupied positions. Dr. Peter Buerhaus and his team estimated that shortages of registered nurses in the U.S. would reach as high as 500,000 as per their report released in 2008. They stated in their report that demand for RNs is likely to grow by 2-3 percent each year. (Nursing Shortage†¦) The 2008 survey of registered nurses indicate that as of March 2008, there were 3063,162 licensed registered nurses staying in the U.S. This survey indicated that only 153,806 RNs were found to be working more over the last survey of 2004. However, it was found that 444,668 RNs obtained their license between 2004 and 2008. This indicates that 291,000 RNs surely went out of nursing services either due to retirements or due to other re asons. (The Registered Nurse (a)†¦) This trend surely indicates that matter could become grave in few years time. U.S. Bureau of Health Professions report supply demand projections of Registered Nurses up to the year 2020 that is depicted in the following graph. National Supply and Demand Projections for RNs, 2000 to 2015 Source: Bureau of Health Professions, RN Supply and Demand Projections URL: http://bhpr.hrsa.gov/healthworkforce/nursingshortage/default.htm History and Evolution of Shortages of Nurses in Healthcare Though nursing shortages are observed from the days of World War II, it has impacted now significantly. The four factors that have contributed heavily in creating the shortages of nurses can be described as per the following. 1. Rise in population of U.S 2. A fewer people opting for the career in nursing 3. A generation called baby boomer is now retiring to create pressure on health care services. 4. Ageing workforce gets out of nursing services In 1950, U.S popul ation was 152,271,000 that have now almost doubled at 307,212,123 in 2009. Population has gone up at the rate of 1.8 percent per year. In view of the increasing standards of health, nursing population need to rise at much higher rate than the general population rise but that is not happening. The reasons for shortages in nursing are not sudden. The results obtained from the National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses carried out in 2000 indicated that too few people are choosing careers in nursing. The statistical data as available for the employment of young between 1980 and 2000 are worth noting to indicate the trend. In 1980, 52.9 percent of RNs were the age below 40 and 26 percent were the age below 30. In 2000, 31.7 percent of RNs were the age below 40 and 10 percent were the age below 30. (The Registered Nurse (b)†¦) Shortages of nurses are also being felt because baby booming generation (born between 1946 and 1964) is now getting retired causing increasing pressure on he althcare services and so on the services of nurses. Ageing and trained workforce gets out of nursing services due to retirement or other social reasons causing more pressure on services. Currently, the nursing profession is the largest segment of the U.S healthcare system. Nurse to Patient Ratios are under pressure affecting healthcare services severely. Unfortunate part is that there is a continuous decline in the

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Business - Essay Example The Indian FDI policy allows 100 percent under the automatic route for Greenfield projects. British Airways, due to the options available for investment in India, aims to devise strategic framework to enter the Indian market. Introduction International business is different from domestic or national business operations and management. Conducting business in different countries requires strategic thinking from the management of the company. There is a greater difficulty in performing the functions effectively and integrating them to serve organizational objectives (Aswathappa, 2010). According to Johnson and Turner (2009) the essence of international business is based on the firm undertaking and dealing with the consequences of international diversity which is mainly driven by globalization of markets, firms following customers, the desire to overcome limitations of the home market, exploitation of differences between countries and regions based on culture, regulation and specific eco nomic factors. Katsioloudes and Hadjidakis (2007) mention that laws, cultures and economic conditions differ within countries which are usually less marked that those among various countries. It is further stated that polices in most of the countries vary altering the decision of the company to operate in a particular country. Internationalization of business has benefited many organizations like TCS, Asian Paints, GE, Hewlett Packard and many more (Aswathappa, 2010). Moreover globalization has also led to the internationalization of business breaking the national boundaries allowing foreign companies to operate in their backyard. Underpinning the importance expanding its business operations, British Airways (BA) is planning to initiate business operations in India and other Far East countries in view of the increasing traffic, population and FDI policies. This paper analyses the opportunities and examine other factors for expansion strategy of British Airways. British Airways Briti sh Airways is one of the world’s leading airlines and it has been on an apparent roller coaster with highs and lows since its privation in 1987. The airline has always been a strong supporter of the process of globalization and has tried to exploit the opportunities (Homer and Swarbrooke, 2004). BA aims to serve existing routes and markets, to identify new opportunities for branded services and products and to ensure its freedom to compete in world markets, all being undertaken in such a manner as to meet the paramount and subsidiary objectives (www.britishairways.com). British Airways operates a fleet of over 243 aircraft to around 140 destinations in 75 countries catering over 35 million passengers in 2006 (National Audit Office, Great Britain, 2007). Since its merger with Iberia, Willie Walsh, CEO of British Airways declared of examining the possibility of entering the Indian and Far Eastern markets. Therefore the paper examines the internationalization strategies by evalu ating the cultural and sociological impact on the staff in context of India. Internationalization Strategies Jansson (2008) mentions that multinational corporation’

Union Membership Trend Essay Example for Free

Union Membership Trend Essay On January 27 of this year the annual labor report was released by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. On this very same day the USA Today along with several other media vultures jumped on this information as if they knew what was already going to be on it. The article titled â€Å"Union membership up slightly, outlook in doubt† written by Sam Hananel, summarized the numbers in detail and left no doubt that the current union membership trend will continue in its downward slide. The fact is union membership has been in decline since 1980, and back then the percentage of covered salaried or wage workers was only about 20%. Today the percentage of unionized workers stands at 11.8% down 0.1% from the previous year. The funny thing about these numbers is the political spin everyone has put on them, to include Mr. Hananel; which makes me wonder if I’ve missed some fine print. Upon further review of the article at hand I still remain convince that a negative union membership trend will continue along with the current government practice of downplaying the numbers. Even though the author tried to put a positive on the numbers that fortunate don’t lie. The current percentages of unionized workers mirrors those on record from the time of the â€Å"Great Depression.† The current recession, that yes, we’re still in, doesn’t bode well for any significant positive upswing in union membership. The government will continue to introduce and press on rhetoric that will equate the union membership decline to republican legislative action as this reporter took the liberty of, in mentioning Wisconsin, while dismissing the actions of a democratic legislature in California that succeeded in reducing union benefits. The numbers provided also shed more light on government efforts, which have been dismal at best at all levels. Now labor organizers are focusing some of their efforts on government workers; in an attempt to lure them in as members, but the reality of this trend is that those numbers are severely limited at a time when government workers have not received a raise in two years and are still waiting to see  if they’ll receive one come January 1st while a world-wide hiring freeze was also implemented in January of this year and thus lifted with limitations on certain agencies in July. I don’t believe union membership will ever attain a level in membership numbers that will come close in comparison to the apex reached in the 1930’s when a 1/3 of the salaried workforce was represented. Government Legislation over the years has provided adequate protection for today’s workforce. As the swell in interest on Human Resources activities has created a better management tool for businesses to not only protect themselves but their employees also. I still believe more can be done to protect all workers regardless of union or non-union affiliation. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/workplace/story/2012-01-27/union-membership-growing/52817346/1

Reflective Essay on Referral Systems in Nursing

Reflective Essay on Referral Systems in Nursing Learning Objective:- To acquire knowledge about the various referrals systems used in my placement area. This reflective essay describes my experience in achieving my learning objective, referral system which I had taken as a part of the ONP programme. According to Dewey (1916) Reflection is a process which perceives connections and links between the parts of an experience (cited by Boud et al, 1985). When nurses reflect on what they do, they can make sense of their practice, and imagine and/or bring about changes ( street 1991; Cox et al.1991 cited by Taylor, B. J., 2000). Reflection helps us to transform ourselves to provide better care for the patients by enhancing our skills and knowledge. Schon, D. (1983) emphasised that reflection is a way in which professionals can bridge the theory- practice gap, based on the potential of reflection to uncover knowledge in and on action (cited by Taylor, B. J., 2000) I have chosen Gibbs model of reflection (1988) to reflect on my experience. I chose this framework because it enables me to recapture the event step by step and thus to learn from my experience as experience is the best teacher of all (Harry Callahan, H. cited online). Referral is defined as aÂÂ  personÂÂ  recommendedÂÂ  toÂÂ  someoneÂÂ  orÂÂ  forÂÂ  something (Dictionary. com, 2009).Since all health care required cannot be obtained at any given level of the system, anÂÂ  effective referral mechanism is a key element in the delivery of care (The Ministry of Health, Belize, 2006). So I took this objective to get familiar to the referral system used in my new placement area. As I am working in a stroke unit, most of the patients require a multidisciplinary approach. The core multidisciplinary team includes appropriate levels of nursing, medical, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech and language therapy, and social services staff. Other disciplines are also regularly involved in the management of stroke patients including clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, dietitians. (SIGN, 2010). This was different from my past working experience even though there was involvement of multidisciplinary teams and referrals to various specialities, but referrals to social services and also the policies pertaining to referrals is a new experience. I observed how my senior colleagues refer patients to various teams, asked doubts on the various teams available in the trust and how to avail them and the basis of referring a patient. Then, I was able to refer patients under guidance. My mentor has also assigned me to do referrals and has assessed me for the same. I got feedback and was able to make necessary corrections. I was able to refer patients to various teams such as Speech and Language therapist (SALT), diabetic nurse, dietitician, and OT. Initially I had some difficulty in understanding the various teams and their roles, the different forms used to refer patients, methods to refer (by fax/calls). But as I was able to do several referrals I got familiar with the system used in my placement area. In the beginning I observed my senior colleagues referring the patient and then I began to refer patients. I was able to clarify doubts with my mentor and colleagues thus helping me to understand the healthcare system more effectively. Now, I feel confident in referring patients to other healthcare team as needed because the holistic, comprehensive, interactive approach of an interdisciplinary team is the hallmark of stroke rehabilitation (Miller et al, 2010)). I feel by taking this learning outcome I was able to improve my communication skills and teamwork thus enabled me to develop professionally. My mentor has assessed me competent in referring patients. According to Dent, S. M., 2007The ability to hear what others are saying and determine the accuracy and relevancy of their feedback is a significant source of professional and partnership development and a critical leadership competency. I believe I was able to achieve an important outcome essential for me to provide holistic care for the patients. As I did several referrals, I was able to build my confidence and take part in appropriate learning and practice activities that maintain and develop my competence and performance (NMC, 2008).Guidance from my mentor and colleagues helped me to understand the system and thus enabled me to deal with it at ease. My mentor assessed me competent in referring patient effectively. It is necessary for a patient to receive appropriate medical attention where required for a speedy progress. It is the responsibility of the staff to ensure that timely referrals are made so that patient care is not jeopardised. As a whole, I was able to gain knowledge about the referral system used in my placement which helped me to keep myself up to date with the resources available to ensure effective care. I ensured that for patients under my care referrals are made on time and if I am not sure of something I make it a point to take the valuable opinion of my seniors (NMC, 2008). As a future action plan, I feel that I should keep my knowledge and skills up to date (NMC, 2008) and should be aware of all the trust policies in order to make effective use of the resources available. I will also actively do more referrals and be well versed with the system.

Symbolism of Trains in Novel Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy

Symbolism of Trains in Novel Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy   Anna Karenina, written by Leo Tolstoy, follows the accounts of Anna who begins an affair with another man, as a result of their affair falls from moral decency and eventually commits suicide by throwing herself in front of train. Tolstoy was a firm believer in punishing his female characters for falling into passions of disgracing romance and sexual desires. The theme of trains and railroads is found throughout the novel and it is very apparent that Leo Tolstoy had a distinct dislike of the railroads. Tolstoy was not a fan of the new advancement of trains in Russia and even went as far to say, The railroad is to travel as a whore is to love (Jahn 1). Anna Karenina is full of important scenes on trains and in train stations, but they also serve as a means of progressing the story line. Tolstoy felt that trains were destroying the old Russian way of life in favor of a new industrial and capitalistic Russia, while moving away from traditions and simplicity. Anna Karenina is a victim of her love affair, committing suicide by throwing herself under a train, while the theme of trains and railroads pierces the entire story. Tolstoy incorporates the symbols of railroads and trains as motifs of tragedy brought by the advancing progress of Western technology in Russian society, the destructive nature of trains, and how characters such as Levin serve as a reminder of how trains are destroying closeness to nature and old true values. The imagery of trains reappears through the entire plot, playing a significant role in the novels course of events as well as having a great impact on the atmosphere of the novel. Annas life of restlessness and travel is tied to trains, all the main meetings happening in trains or at train stations. Her little son Seryozha also takes a keen interest with trains and is seen, carrying something which served as a train (8). By having the children in the novel taking an interest in trains, it is showing how the railways and trains have already become popular even with the next generation of Russians, as well as foreshadowing how the railways will become the future means of transportation in the country. Tolstoy also makes an important addition by Annas brother Stepan mentioning to Alexei how he, would very much like to get [the] vacant post as a member of the commission [of] the United Agency for Mutual Credit Balance of the Southern Railway Lines (Tolstoy 721). Tolstoy includes this det ail due to the fact that working in the railways was a very coveted and desirable in Russia since railroads were so popular and in such high demand. For Tolstoy, trains are creations of both iron and technology which represent a brute force of sin, darkness and passions that break the human spirit and lead individuals to fall from moral decency. Anna and Vronskys romance begins and ends at the train station, the arrival of the train kills the watchman at the station and sets Annas first interaction with Vronsky is overlaid with death and foreshadows Annas eventual demise. After the, watchman, [who was] either too drunk or too bundled up had not heard the train and had been run over by the train Anna feels that this was a bad omen and is the first sign of the inevitable and tragic destiny of Anna Karenina (29). This scene is very important due to the imagery of the train itself as it pulls into the station. The train has a foreboding and dark presence when pulling into the station, as those could feel, something heavy causing the platform to tremble slowing down and shaking the platform still more and once it pulled in those could see, the coupling rod of the middle wheel slowly and rhythmically turning and straightening the vivid description of the train in this scene gives it an evil and unnatural aura it as it pulls into the station (60).   Tolstoys incorporation of describing the imagery of the train as an almost evil and foreboding presence sets the tone for the eventual death and demise of Anna, her path to her own death left the station as soon as she began her affair with Vronsky. Anna and Vronskys fateful affair began and ended at the train station. For instance when Vronsky sees Anna off to St. Petersburg on the train, he admits his love for Anna at the station, confessing to her how, Not one of your words, not one of your movements will I ever forget I cannot. The very spark of their relationship is tied to this scene as Anna [clutched] at the cold door post and entered the [entrance] of the [train] carriage at the moment she felt the, magical, strained condition that had tormented her had not only renewed itself, but grew stronger (103). This scene at the train station is one of the most crucial aspects of the novel as this almost magical explanation of Anna falling for Vronsky is symbolic of Anna succumbing to the dark passion of adultery and the beginning of her fall from decency and morality.   In the end of the novel just seconds before Anna dies under the wheels of the train, something huge and implacable pushed at her head and dragged her ov er it is almost as if she was crushed by the force of her own sins (768). Their fateful relationship can be compared to that of a train leaving the station, it begins slowly, but once it gains momentum it quickly escalates to a speed that is out of both Anna and Vronskys control. Tolstoy, is able to express his dissatisfaction with railroads and trains through the characters and words of Oblonsky and Levin, as a way to demonstrate how Russia is slowly moving away from tradition and old values and moving more towards an industrial and capitalistic society. Levin is seen many times throughout the novel showing a distaste for the railroads and blames criticizes them for the disastrous condition of agriculture in Russia which was disrupting the traditional the use of agriculture throughout Russia (483). Levin also criticizes the railroads when he was, writing a new chapter on the reasons for the unprofitable state of agriculture in Russia due to the incorrect use incorrect use of land through the railways and instead of contributing to agriculture the railways had outstripped agriculture and halted it (483-484). Tolstoy blamed Europe in spoiling Russia with a strive for modern technology and disrupting the normal way of life. Tolstoy also uses characters such as Lafitte as an example of how greed and   other dishonest merchants without whom there would have been no railways, he feels that trains and merchants are destroying the old Russian way of life in favor of a new industrial and capitalistic Russia (506). Tolstoy describes those who work in the railroads as those with little to no morals and are extremely greedy, furthering his dislike of the railroads. The analysis of train and motifs in Anna Karenina requires mentioning the opposite symbols of wood and nature. Tolstoy uses the power of nature as an opposite to images of the new coming era of progress, the warmth of wood opposes the coldness of iron. The generosity of poor peasants who share their bread and vodka with Veslosvky and how [they] absolutely refused to take money which contrasts the greediness of the merchants (568), peasants use wooden carts instead of iron trains which shows their closeness to nature and simplicity. Tolstoy believed that living in big cities corrupts the soul, and that is why Kitty and Levin are such an exemplary couple of this when they finally move into a country estate and are near the peasants, because they embody the ideal of a good family and thus must be close to the ground. Tolstoy describes in the novel the peasants methods of agriculture and the burden of their labour unites them. Tolstoy praises hard work and values the work of a peasant o r a learned profession much more than the activities of capitalists (588). They are bound to earth and oppose progress with railways and trains, that tear the ties with the land and cross it painlessly, the peasants represent closeness to nature and fidelity to traditions. The well-known novel of Leo Tolstoys Anna Karenina raises numerous moral questions and vividly represents authors opinions concerning, moral purity, decency and traditions. The images and themes of trains and railways are ones of the most significance in the entire novel, they start the story of Anna Karenina and finish it. However, the trains are what begins the ill-fated affair of both Anna and Vrosnky and cause Annas fall from moral decency and grace.   Through the character of Levin, Tolstoy is able to convey his beliefs that the railway are to blame for the disruption and ruin of Russian agriculture. Throughout the novel trains are seen as foreboding and unnatural and are seen as unstoppable in converting the country to a new means of transportation. Railways and trains are the symbols of progress, which according to Tolstoy is evil, he opposes the artificial coldness of iron to warmth of nature. Tolstoy believes that decency and goodness appear only in following traditio ns, hard labour, upholding moral decency proximity to ground and nature. Works Cited Jahn, Gary R. The Image of the Railroad in Anna Karenina. The Slavic and East European Journal, vol. 25, no. 2, 1981, pp. 1-10., www.jstor.org/stable/307952. Tolstoy, Leo, and Translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky. Anna Karenina. NY: Penguin, 2004. Print.

Motivation Profile Essay -- Business Employment Motivation

There are three individuals Ella, Marcelo, and Masoko who are trying to gain a promotion at their place of employment. Motivated employees are needed at all workplaces. Motivated employees help their companies and place of employment survive. Managers need to know what motivates their employees. Of all of the duties of an employer motivating employees arguably is the most complex. This is due, to the part of what motivates employees which changes constantly (Bowen& Radhakrishna, 1991).Each individual is motivated to gain a job promotion using three theories of motivation. The three theories of motivation are biological, psychosocial an interactionist theories of motivation. Motivation is a reason or set of reasons for engaging in a particular behavior. Ella’s motivational drive to gain a promotion is based on the biological theory of motivation. The biological theory of motivation that Ella is driven by is achievement motivation. She is trying to gain a promotion by incorporating biology. All people are born with innate tendencies that are programmed at birth; these innate tendencies are in our genes that we use for achievement. Ella will use her basic needs of survival to gain her job promotion. Ella is motivated based on the biological theory of motivation achievement motivation because Ella wants to achieve a job promotion. Ella will do whatever it takes. Ella will master all of the necessary skills that it takes to perform her job and outperform others (her colleagues). Ella will be as creative and as productive as she can be in her job performance. Performance is considered to be a function of ability and motivation. Ella’s ability to gain the promotion should depend on her ability, education, experience an d trainin... ... In closing, Motivation is the contributing factor to reaching a goal, getting something that you want, or fulfilling a need that you have. Motivation helps people do various things such as: gain a positive perspective, achieve goals, create the power of change, build self-esteem and capability, and motivation helps people manage their own development and help hers with theirs. Motivation is a skill that must be learned. References Buford, J. A., Jr., Bedeian, A. G., & Lindner, J. R. (1995). Management in Extension (3rd ed.). Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Extension. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, July 1943. 370-396. Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and Human Behavior. New York: Free Press. Tolman, C. W. (1991). Theoretical indeterminacy, pluralism and the conceptual concrete. Theory & Psychology, 1, 147-162.

unfinished Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the beginning of the twentieth century, a massive wave of immigrants from the southern and eastern parts of Europe came to America in search of economic opportunities. They carried to America all the dreams and hopes of wealth. When finally reaching America, these naive immigrants faced a new struggle and learned the harsh reality of America. In Upton Sinclair’s novel, The Jungle, he describes the life of an immigrant family from Lithuania that venture off to America in search of a better life. After their arrival and stay, they struggle to keep alive and barely meek their way through life. Sinclair’s style of describing the characters, conflicts, and ideas illustrates the struggle and heartache of immigrants’ life in the early 1900’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sinclair’s style of imagery, diction, and tone helps create the atmosphere needed for the reader to imagine the events taken place. In the beginning, Sinclair uses a flash-forward. This scene, a wedding, gave the reader the impression of hope, life, and dreams. Behind this joyful celebration, the author implements worries and depression. Although this should be a celebration, the reader sees the bride crying, hears the throbbing tunes of a melancholy song, smells the stench of alcohol upon everyone’s lips, and feel the urgency of each individual to get home, rest, and begin a new day at work. â€Å"Most fearful they are to comtemplate, the expenses of this entertainment†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (12). The only... unfinished Essay -- essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the beginning of the twentieth century, a massive wave of immigrants from the southern and eastern parts of Europe came to America in search of economic opportunities. They carried to America all the dreams and hopes of wealth. When finally reaching America, these naive immigrants faced a new struggle and learned the harsh reality of America. In Upton Sinclair’s novel, The Jungle, he describes the life of an immigrant family from Lithuania that venture off to America in search of a better life. After their arrival and stay, they struggle to keep alive and barely meek their way through life. Sinclair’s style of describing the characters, conflicts, and ideas illustrates the struggle and heartache of immigrants’ life in the early 1900’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sinclair’s style of imagery, diction, and tone helps create the atmosphere needed for the reader to imagine the events taken place. In the beginning, Sinclair uses a flash-forward. This scene, a wedding, gave the reader the impression of hope, life, and dreams. Behind this joyful celebration, the author implements worries and depression. Although this should be a celebration, the reader sees the bride crying, hears the throbbing tunes of a melancholy song, smells the stench of alcohol upon everyone’s lips, and feel the urgency of each individual to get home, rest, and begin a new day at work. â€Å"Most fearful they are to comtemplate, the expenses of this entertainment†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (12). The only...

Christmas Song Essay -- Analysis, Christmas Carol

To many people a warm crackling fire brings about memories of the Christmas season. By listening to some of the Christmas carols played throughout the festive holiday season, it is easy to pick up on this. In one such Christmas carol, they mention â€Å"chestnuts roasting on an open fire† in this line fire is the provider of warmth light, and good spirits. By roasting the chestnuts the fire gives food and allows people to share with one another in a warm comfortable atmosphere. A second popular Christmas carol that mentions fire it â€Å"Let it Snow†. In this song, one of the main verses is â€Å"Oh, the weather outside is frightful, but the fire is so delightful, And since we've no place to go, let it snow, let it snow, let it snow†. In this verse fire is representative of the winter time and gives delight, along with warmth and light, to the person singing the song. Light is something that goes hand in hand with the Christmas holiday, but something that is not a common thought when it comes to Christmas is darkness. The example of fire and light also holds true for Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol. Before the miserly Ebenezer Scrooge is visited by the spirits of his seven years dead business partner Jacob Marley, and the Ghosts of Christmas’s past, present, and future, he despises Christmas and everything about it, almost forcing his clerk, Bob Cratchit to work Christmas day. Even his always cheerful nephew Fred cannot seem to break through the hatred. But while Scrooge worked as an apprentice for Mr. Fezziwig, the hatred was not present. But through the series of events that happened in his life. Scrooge grew to hate the whole Christmas season. After he is shown what will happen to him if he doesn’t change his ways, Scrooge wakes up the ne... ...Christmas Carol reflects how much love and generosity of spirit are present among people: the greater the â€Å"good cheer† the brighter the scene, the more greed, self-centeredness, or hostility, the more absolute the darkness. An example discussed in the novel was the amount of light and therefore, spirit, love and generosity, present in the moor where the miners work. In contrast to the miners light, was the gloom surrounding Scrooge before he was visited by the three ghosts. Although Scrooge was surrounded by murkiness, greed and self-centeredness before the ghosts visited him, by the time he went to his nephew Fred’s party there much more light, love and generosity present. Fire light and warmth play an important role in The Christmas Carol but darkness and gloom play an equally important role in representing the characteristics of people in the scene.

Discipline and the Effects on the Unit

Discipline and the effects on the unit Accountabilities is one of the fundamental of the military. It only brings personal responsibility but it also shows organization of a unit. There are many reasons why being on time is important. The US Army depends solely on its soldiers, enlisted. Warrant officers, and commissioned officers alike. The military would not be anything without the soldiers. When soldiers aren’t there to perform there duties or they are late then the unit looses efficiency. Time management is a very large part of success, military or civilian. Many people could improve there lives drasticly if they knew how to manage the time properly. Setting priorities is a very important step in time management. If your priorities aren’t set in order then you won’t get the important things done in a timely manner. People often go over there time limits because they are optimistic. Discipline we are taught early in our military careers that shaving is an important part of our daily routine. The routine itself promotes a sense of regularity and discipline. By being assigned a task that we are to perform daily, we assume a pattern of living comparable with many other (and often larger) tasks given to us. When a part of our job considered to be mandatory becomes a task performed out of second nature, we begin to perform all duties in a similar fashion. If you can shave every morning without having to be reminded or told, you may find that it comes just as naturally to take out the trash, write a monthly counseling statement, or maintain your weapon. Discipline and respect are important in life as well as in the army. Respect is one of the army’s seven values. The seven army values are loyalty, respect, duty, honor, selfless service, integrity, and personal courage. While respect is one of the army values, discipline is needed for all of them. You must have discipline in yourself in order to have selfless service, to do your duty, to have personal courage, as well as loyalty, and honor. And it takes a discipline to respect. The definition of discipline is 1. training to act in accordance with rules; drill: military discipline. 2. activity, exercise, or a regimen that develops or improves a skill; training: A daily stint at the typewriter is excellent discipline for a writer. . punishment inflicted by way of correction and training. 4. the rigor or training effect of experience, adversity, etc. : the harsh discipline of poverty. 5. behavior in accord with rules of conduct; behavior and order maintained by training and control: good discipline in an army. 6. a set or system of rules and regulations. 7. Ecclesiastical . the system of governme nt regulating the practice of a church as distinguished from its doctrine. 8. an instrument of punishment, esp. a whip or scourge, used in the practice of self-mortification or as an instrument of chastisement in certain religious communities. . a branch of instruction or learning: the disciplines of history and economics. Basically discipline is what is needed in order for order and control to be maintained. The definition of respect is 1. A feeling of appreciative, often deferential regard; esteem. See synonyms at regard. 2. The state of being regarded with honor or esteem. 3. Willingness to show consideration or appreciation. 4. respects Polite expressions of consideration or deference: pay one's respects. 5. A particular aspect, feature, or detail. A lot of people who enlist in the Army do not understand the importance of the step they make. They do not understand that civilian life with its rules, the life they used to live is left behind. Beginning basic training they learn the new discipline, the Army discipline, and not everybody is able to comprehend its importance. Discipline in the Army is important because of the stakes involved. In civilian world a lack of discipline may case some discomfort or may be some problems with the law.. In the Army poor discipline could result in the unnecessary loss of soldiers’ lives – a cost too you much to pay. As a discipline soldier you place the unit’s mission above your personal welfare. It simply means the understanding your task and obeying orders promptly because your fellow soldiers and leaders depend on you to do so. The purpose of discipline is to make soldiers to be well trained so that they carry out orders quickly and intelligently under the most difficult conditions. Insistence of performing tasks properly enhance military discipline. For example, ensuring soldiers wear their uniforms properly, following orders, march well or repeat tasks until they do them correctly are part of military discipline. This no harassment or punishment. Proper and prompt execution of orders will save lives in combat. This is no way means you should not exercise initiative to solve a problem or to ensure the job gets done. American soldiers have a long tradition of displaying initiative and discipline soldiers focus their efforts toward the success of the team. Discipline in routine things like saluting , police calls and physical training leads to discipline in the difficult things like advancing under fire, disposing of unexploded ordnance, and safeguarding enemy prisoners of war. That is why the Army insists on training to standards. It starts with self-discipline but grows with pride in the unit. In the film saving private ryan a soldier lost his discipline for the mission at hand at the sight of a frightened child and the result for his loss of discipline caused him to also lose focus on his surroundings and was shot by a nazi sniper hiding out in a tower just down the street, also in the same film a young corpral was takin out of his comfort zone as a writer to perform the mission of retrieving private ryan. During the mission they came across an open area guarded by to machine guns and in the success of bringing bringing down the gunman was torn in a moral delima to let the German soldier live and later on it came back around on him as that same German soldier led a squad to the same location that they traveled to and killed many of the men in the operation two of which were in a building laying down suppressive fire while the corpral was bringing them ammo because of the corpral lack of discipline he coward down and hid while the German soldier killed the two men in the building. Another military film that shows lack of discipline is Jarhead in this film the one scene that stands out the most in my mind is where the main character talks another fellow soldier into taking his guard shift so he could drink with his buddys that night and the result from the carless actions was a trailor caught fire and a bunch of fireworks and flares were set off and possibly gave away there position, the sitiuation could have been a lot worse then what it was. With the examples used from those two films it shows that with the lack of discipline the effect on the unit can be dangerous and life threatning, just like a chain it only works properlly if every link does its job, if one gets in trouble we all get in trouble, one broken link and the whole chain is no good Do to my irresponsibility and lack of discipline to wake up and be at the gym at 0530 like normal I decided to sleep in and then was late to the 0630 PT formation which caused PFC Bucini to run around through out the entire hanger and out to the barracks in order to locate me and also me being late not just looks bad on me but it also looks bad on the platoon and the company. I made it look bad on my Platoon Seargeat ( SFC Duffy) in front of the other platoons of not knowing where his soldiers are and to the First Seargeant. To understand how standards and discipline are related, you have to start with the basic premise of how we grow sergeants in the army. This is a three step p rocess. Step one; establish a standard. Army regulation 670-1, wear of the uniform, is a stadard that tells us how to wear the uniform, items on the uniform and all the accessories. It guides our unifor in the field. The items we wear on the uniform or carry with us is a standard usually IAW a unit SOP. The PMCS we perform on our hummv in the motor pool is done to outlined in the operators manual. A patrol of soldiers coming off mission in Baghdad, Iraq clear their weapons upon entering their base camp IAW the standard published in the weapons handling procedures developed by the safety center. Now with an understanding of standards, step two is put someone in charge of enforcing the standards. This is where the sergeant is now responsible for his or her piece of the army, those three or four soldiers. It is the sergeant who conducts daily inspections of soldiers uniforms. It is the sergeant who conducts pre-conduct checks (pcc) of his or her soldiers arms and equipment before going out on patrol. It is the sergeant who supervises the PMCS of the HUMMV during maintenance periods, and it is the sergent who over-watches the soldiers coming off patrol to ensure all have cleared their weapons to standard. Step three in growing our leaders is to hold the sergeant accountable. This is where the more senior leaders above the sergeant have their resopnsibility. To see what is being done to standard, senior leaders have to inspect. A soldier on patrol missing a piece of equipment means it was missed during PCCs by the sergeant and obviously missed by a more senior leader during the pre-combat inspection (PCI). This same analogy extends to every standard we set for our units and our sergeants to enforce. So for the more senior leaders above the sergeant you must always remember your role in growing sergeants. Lead by example by demonstrating the standard in all that you do. This leading by example empowers the sergeant to enforce standards on their small piece of the army. We have always said when a more senior leader demonstrates a lesser standard; this demonstration now becomes the new standard. The demonstration of a lesser standard goes far deeper than just setting a new standard, it circumvents the authority of the sergeant. I have learned that the two basic building blocks for a sergeant to establish his or her authority and establish discipline in the organization begin with basic uniform and saluting standards. Enforcing basic standards and holding sergeants accountable for their soldiers is critical to developing these young leaders. In every case where a soldier has died because of an accident and the cause of death was negligence by sergeants to enforce standards and how these were enforced and the discipline within the organization. In every case where the sergeant stops enforcing fundamental standards and senior leaders do not hold him accountable, the enforcement of standards in other areas begins to slip. Short cuts in performing PMCS begin to become routine, soldiers stop wearing seatbelts, PCCs are not performed in detail, complacency begins to set in and sergeants stop making on the spot corrections. The importance of the squad and platoon leadership in establishing standards and holding sergeants accountable is critical to the performance of the organization when you walk into an organization as an outsider and you see everyone in the same uniform, vehicle load plans are organized, basic fundamental drills are performed aas routine, you learn a lot about the units discipline. You know as an outsider that standards are established, everyone knows the standard, and there is a leader in charge. The bottom line , be the standard, know the standard, and enforce the standard. The army is an old institution. In this country it dates back to the washingtons time in 1775-76 when the Revolutionary war took place to proclaim our freedom from the British. One particular thing which washingtons army had in common with our modern army today is discipline. This is very important in order to keep ou forces organized. A well disciplined army will always come out the victor in battle. Take a look at musolini’s army in italy in the last war. When the going got tough, their troops got disorganized, failed to obey orders, and finally decided it was time to surrender. And so it happened with Hitler’s Third Reich. His troops got disorganized from the lack of proper discipline and as the proverb goes, â€Å"united we stand, divided we fall†. The Third Reich fell. Our american army is a well organized fighting force and always will be, with the proper kind of discipline which we have now. The officers in charge of each army, corps, division, regiment, down to the platoon and squad are all experienced , level headed men and women, whose job it is to keep the men and women under them disciplined as well as informed as to what is goin on and thereby gaining the men’s and womens cooperation. From the five star general down to the lowly private, it is his duty to see that whatever his job is, it will be done properly. With such a fighting force, how can we lose? Remember â€Å"united we stand, devided we fall†. We shall not fall. With so many distractions around you, what does it take to stay focused on your goal and keep going until you succeed? The answer is, self discipline. Self discipline, absolutely must be developed in order to succeed. Self discipline is the ability to force yourself to do something you know you should do, whether you feel like it or not. Whilst you may not have a global corporation or a country to run (and so can probably get away with a few extra hours in bed! ) the point is, successful people dislike the same things you dislike but discipline themselves to do it anyway. Why do we do things we dislike? Because we know that is the price to pay for success. This is why self discipline is so important in achieving success. Self discipline means overcoming your natural urge to do what is fun, easy and quick. Self discipline takes time to develop, but just like any other skill the more you practice using self discipline the stronger it will become. Every act of self discipline you practice will strengthen your level of self discipline. Over time it will also strengthen your character, confidence and self esteem. If you can force yourself to do what you should do, whether you feel like it or not, your success is virtually guaranteed. Now that you are aware of what it takes to be successful, is success what you truly want? Or are you happier living the lif you currently live? Because if you want success, you can have it, anyone can. Just like in a shop you must first decide what you want, pay the price and it will be yours. â€Å"discipline is the soul of the army, it makes small numbers formidable procures success to the weak, and esteem to all† –George Washington. Among the many issues facing us, discipline proved critical in understanding what went wrong in Somalia. Much of the problem of the CAR as a unit, most of the incidents that occurred during the preparation stage in Canada, and the many troubling incidents involving Canadian soldiers in Somalia all have a common origin – a lack of discipline. For the ordinary citizen who has little exposure to the military, discipline is understood to be the cornerstone of armies, the characteristic that one would have expected to be much in evidence in an armed force as renowned for its professionalism as the Canadian forces. It was the difference between this public expectation and the actual events of the Somalia mission that captured the attention of Canadians and contributed to the call for this inquiry. For example, there were 20 incidents of accidental or negligent discharge of a personal weapon and two incidents of accidental or negligent discharge of crew served weapons in theatre. One caused an injury and another killed a Canadian forces soldier. The board of inquiry into the leadership, discipline, operations, actions, and procedures of the Canadian airborne regiment battle group remarked that these accidental discharges occurred â€Å"to an unacceptable degree†. These incidents call into question the standard of self discipline in the Canadian contingent. Few professions are as dependent on discipline as the military. An army is best seen as a collection of individuals who must set aside their personal interests, concerns, and fears to pursue the purpose of the group collectively. The marshalling of individual wills and talents into a single entity enables an army to face daunting challenges and great adversity and therefore to achieve objectives unattainable except through concerted effort. The instrument by which this is accomplished is discipline. The chief purpose of military discipline is the harnessing of the capacity of the individual to the needs of the group. The sense of cohesion that comes from combining the individual wills of the group members provides unity of purpose. The group that achieves such cohesiveness is truly a unit. Effective discipline is a critical factor at all levels of the military, and nowhere more so than at the unit level. However discipline plays a vital role at all levels within the military. Too frequently armies treat discipline as a concern regarding the lower levels: a matter to be attended to primarily by non commissioned officers at the unit level and below. But discipline is important for the proper functioning of the chain of command throughout the military. Undisciplined staff officers of commanders who hold themselves above the rigours of discipline can do far more harm to the collective effort of the military than any soldier in the rankes. We have determined that the CAR displayed definite signs of poor discipline in the early 1990s in spite of the remedies recommended in the 1985 Hewson report examining disciplinary infractions and anti social behavior. A number of factors contributed to the disciplinary problems in the CAR, specifically in two commando, prior to deployment, including periodic lack of commitment on the part of the CAR’s parent regiments to ensure that their best members ere sent to the CAR; the inferior quality of some junior officers and NCOs; doubtful practices in two commando in the recruitment of NCOs; the ambiguous relationship between master corporals and soldiers; the high turnover rate within the CA R and the sub units; mutual distrust and dislike among a significant number of the CARs officers and NCOs; questionable suitability of individual officers for the CAR and the ranks they occupied; a tendency to downplay the significance of disciplinary infractions or to cover them up entirely; and the continuing ability of CAR members to evade responsibility for disciplinary infractions. The CAR was simply unfit to undertake a mission in the autumn of 1992, let alone a deployment to Somalia. The three incidents of October 2 and 3, 1992, indicated a significant breakdown of discipline in 2 commando during the critical period of training and preparation for operations in Somalia. Military pyrotechnics were discharged illegally at a party in alognquin park. The illegal possession of these pyrotechnics was the result of theft from DND and the making of false statements. A search conducted on the soldiers’ premises uncovered ammunition stolen from DND, as well as 34 Confederate flags. These incidents were so serious that LCOL morneault proposed to leave 2 Commando in Canada unless the perpetrators came forward. BGEN Beno, after consulting MGEN MacKenzie, opposed this plan. Almost everyone suspected of participating in the October incidents was permitted to deploy. Several of these individuals created difficulties in Somalia. In spite of established doctrine, practice, and procedures, there were problems at the senior levels of the chain of command in providing adequate supervision, resulting in poor discipline, fualty passage of information, untimely reaction through advice or intervention, and ineffective remedial action. Such problems appear to have been so frequent as to indicate a significant systemic failure in the exercise of command. In short, the attitude of all ranks toward the importance of good discipline, from junior soldiers to the most senior commanders in the Canadian forces, was decidedly weak. When there is insufficient respect for and attention to the need for discipline as a first principle, military operations can be expected to fail. And in respect of discipline, the mission to Somalia was undoubtedly a failure. The fact is that , at the time of the Somalia mission, discipline was simply taken for granted. It seems to have been assumed that trained soldiers in a professional military would naturally be well disciplined. The matter was tracked and reported on indifferently and inconsistently, with no central co-ordination or sharp focus at the highest levels. Above all, discipline was the subject of inadequate attention, supervision, guidance, enforcement, or remedy by the senior levels of the chain of command; it was, shockingly, simply ignored or downplayed. In facing the future, the first requirement is to take steps to recognize the importance of discipline and the role it must play as a matter of fundamental policy. Discipline requires not only policy definition and emphasis in doctrine, training and education, but also a prominent and visible focus in the interests and concerns of the most senior leadership. Under the UCMJ, the noncommissioned officer (NCO) does not have the same authority as the commissioned officer. Principally, NCOs do not have authority to punish personnel under their supervision. Punishment is administered only through the use of article 15 or courts-martial. Since NCOs punitive authority, what actions can they take to ensure discipline among their people? These questions will be answered as we consider the need for discipline in the military. I will focus on the NCOs role in dealing with discipline problems. If preventive techniques fail, NCOs should be aware of methods available to them for correcting subordinates when their behavior impairs mission accomplishment. Indeed the NCO plays an important role in influencing punishment when it is necessary in achieving mission readiness. Discipline can best be defined as â€Å"a state of training, resulting in orderly conduct. † This state of training must be achieved and maintained during peacetime so that our forces will be prepared for war time contingencies. It is too late to prepare for war once war has started, which is sometimes a difficult concept for lesser experienced NCOs to accept. often the feeling is, we are a technical force; technicians do not need to same state of disciplined readiness as combat soldiers. This feeling perhaps fosters a false assumption that air force members will not be expected to fight during wartime; instead, we will maintain a support role (i. e. , aircraft maintenance, supply, personnel, etc). the questions then become â€Å"is it necessary for air force people to maintain a high state of readiness? Is it really necessary to be disciplined for war? These questions must be answered by all NCOs who are ultimately responsible for achieving success in peacetime readiness as well as in actual warfare. History shows us that we cannot leave this state of readiness to pure chance; we must prepare for any emergency. Discipline, of course, is vital. Rudyard kipling recognized this need for discipline when he had one of his tommy atkinses explain: We was rotten ‘for we started- we was never disciplined; we made it out a favor- if an order was obeyed. Yes every little drummer ad is rights and wrongs to mind, so we had to par for teaching- and we paid! General George patton, a strong disciplinarian who was equally as adamant about preparedness, told his commanders if they did not enforce and maintain perfect discipline, they were potential murders. He went on to say â€Å"that is a blunt way of putting it, but war is blunt, and war is what we must all prepare for. † General Robert E. Lee, one of the greatest military leaders of all time, was equally firm when it came to discipline. He wanted his soldiers to understand that, in addition to efficiency, discipline guaranteed a soldiers safety; that if his forces did not prepare themselves for war when they had a chance they would pay dearly. The Air Force, recognizing the need for discipline, published AFR 30-1 air force standards, in which four types of discipline are identified: task, group, imposed, and self. Task discipline is defined as how well we meet the challenges of the job. First, we must recognize that the job is important, and how well we perform will influence the effectiveness of our work section and our unit. Task discipline requires a strong sense of responsibility in performing our jobs to the best of our abilities, volunteering for the tough jobs, and working overtime, if necessary, to accomplish our mission as it relates to the air force mission. Group discipline means teamwork. Since most air force jobs require that several people work effectively as a team, group discipline is very important. Just as we must have a sense of responsibility to our job, we should also have a sense of group responsibility and effective team membership. We must pull our own weight and at times we may have to deny some personal preferences for the good of our work section, unit, or group. Imposed discipline is known as enforced obedience to legal orders and regulations. It is absolutely essential in combat or in emergencies when there is no time to explain or discuss an order. Most air force training teaches us to carry out orders quickly and efficiently. During peacetime, a continuation of this type of discipline provides the structure and good order necessary throughout the organization to accomplish the mission or task, regardless of the situation. Self discipline is a willing and instinctive sense of responsibility that leads us to do whatever needs to be done. Getting to work on time, knowing all aspects of the job, setting priorities, and denying some personal preferences for more important values or duties are all measures of self discipline. Far above our acceptance of imposed discipline, self discipline reflects our personal commitment and sense of duty. Often we emphasize one type of discipline at the expense of another. For instance, we allow ourselves to become so task disciplined that we fail to recognize the necessity for discipline of other types. The ultimate solution for the NCO is to create an environment where the necessity for imposed discipline is minimized or eliminated, but this is not always possible. Therefore, we must understand how to impose discipline when it is clearly indicated. Three general approaches can be taken in dealing with discipline: the preventive approach, the corrective approach, and the punitive approach. Initial consideration should be given to the preventive approach because it is logically first and is positive and constructive in its development. The preventive approach includes understanding human behavior, using good management and leadership techniques, setting the examples, and enforcing the standards. These are not all inclusive; however, they represent the majority of preventive techniques to discipline problems. There are numerous lessons in dealing with preventive techniques, and most of our NCOs fully understand these techniques for preventing discipline problems. Organizations usually have a few people who do not respond well to preventive techniques, which leads us to the next approach in dealing with discipline problems: correcting the individual who has not responded to preventive techniques. The NCO supervisor is limited in his use of preventive and corrective approaches, since only officer commanders can use the punitive approach. This fact alone creates the undeniable necessity for NCOs to understand and employ fully the corrective actions available to them. The first action available to NCOs for correcting individuals who have not responded to preventive techniques is the verbal reprimand. Verbal reprimands should be given only for performance or conduct and should never leave an individual feeling personally attacked. In other words, individuals should be reprimanded for unacceptable behavior not personality. A memorandum for record should be kept to be used for later action, if necessary. The second corrective action is the documented counseling. The documented counseling does not have to follow any prescribed format; in fact, most major air commands have their own forms. Individuals reviewing subsequent case files will have a better understanding of the situation if they include the following items: a statement of the problem, a discussion of the problem, and personal observations. This documented counseling should be filed in a general correspondence folder, marked specifically with the action included in the folder (i. e. , disciplinary action). The third corrective action NCOs can take is the letter of admonishment/reprimand. Administrative reprimands and admonitions are management tools available to commanders, supervisors, and other superiors to instruct and reprove subordinates for departing from acceptable norms of performance, conduct, or bearing. There is no prescribed format for writing this letter. A reprimand is more severe than an admonition and carries a strong implication of official censure. The letter of admonition should be written when no unfavorable information file is necessary, although either the letter of admonition or reprimand can be placed in the individuals uif. The letter of admonition may also be filed in the same manner as the documented counseling. However, since the letter of reprimand is more severe than a letter of admonition, it should be forwarded through the individuals uif. Supervisors can write a letter of reprimand, but only commanders can forward it to the cbpo for placement in the uif. The last and final action is administrative discharge action under the provisions of AFR 39-10 or AFM 39-12. These procedures are too complex to address in this article. However, it should be pointed out that if all the preceding preventive, corrective, and punitive actions have not disciplined the individual, then discharge is the next step.

Aristotle Versus Plato

THE CONCEPT OF IMITATION IN PLATO AND ARISTOTLE Abstract Plato and Aristotle argue that artist (Demiurge) and poet imitate nature, thus, a work of art is a reflection of nature. However, they have different views on the functions of imitation in art and literature. Plato believes in the existence of the ideal world, where exists a real form of every object found in nature. A work of art –which reflects nature is twice far from the reality it represents. Aristotle, on the other hand, does not deal with the ideal world, instead he analyses nature. He argues that a work of art does not imitate nature as it is, but as it should be.In this sense, an artist does not violate the truth but reflects the reality. Key Words: Imitation, art, literature, mimesis, etymology, ethic. Introduction Plato and Aristotle attribute different meanings to the term ‘mimesis’; Plato considers ‘mimesis’ in ethical and political context, Aristotle uses ‘mimesis’ as an aesthetic phenomenon. They both agree that poetry is mimetic but they have different idea about poetry and ‘mimesis’. The present paper aims first to define ‘mimesis’ and explain the historical and linguistic background of the term, then to analyze the concept of ‘mimesis’ in Plato and Aristotle.In literature the word ‘mimesis’ has two diverse applications; it is used â€Å"to define the nature of literature and other arts and to indicate the relation of one literary work, which serves as a model. † Plato and Aristotle take ‘mimesis’ to define the nature of art, yet they ascribe different meanings and value to it. Plato and Aristotle consider the historical and etymological background of the term, therefore, it is necessary to know about the linguistic and historical background of the term ‘mimesis’ to understand what kinds of meaning and value they attribute to the concept.Linguistically, the ro ot word is ‘mimos’; mimesthia, mimesis, mimetes, mimetikos, and mimema are derived from ‘mimos’. Mimesthia denotes imitation, representation or portrayal; mimos and mimetes designate the person who imitates or represents, whereby ‘mimos’ originally refers to the recitation or dramatic performance in the context of dramatic action. The mime, which is a kind of banquets given by wealthy man, is most probably derived from mimos The noun ‘mimesis’ as well as corresponding verb mimeisthai refer to the re-enactment and dance through itual and myth. In Athenian drama the re-enactment is equivalent to acting out the role of a mythical figure and ‘mimesis’ in such a context connotes the imitation of the earlier re-enactment of the myth and rituals. Historically, the word ‘mimesis’ as re-enactment first appears in such rituals, and the historical origin of the term, as located in Dionysian cult drama, coincides this meaning in that ‘mimesis’ in both cases refers to imitation, representation and expression.It is argued that myth, and divine symbols of the rituals are transformed to artistic-dramatic representation through which it became possible to represent the divinity and gods in drama. Tragedy, for instance is the transformation of the myth and rituals. In a different context ‘mimesis’ may refer to identification. People identify themselves by means of their mimetic ability when they see themselves in the other and perceive a state of mutual equality. In this sense, ‘mimesis’ is distinct from mimicry, which implies only a physical, and no mental relation.That is, a person regards the ‘Other’ as equal and assumes the ‘Other’ to be doing the same in reverse. Associated with the physical aspect of ‘mimesis’ is its performative aspect, as an actualization, a presentation of what has been mimetically indicated. Thus, the term ‘mimesis’ is combined with an action-oriented speaking. The term ‘mimesis’ may also refer the simile, similarity and representation; it may refer to the symbolization of the world when we take it as a transformation of myth. Mimesis’ has also been cited since classical times in the exploration of relationships between art and reality. The meanings and applications of the term changes according to the context it is used. Therefore, Plato and Aristotle ascribes different meanings and value to ‘mimesis’ with respect to the contexts they use it. The Concept of Imitation in Plato takes the term ‘mimesis’ with several meanings and connotations in the dialogues and alters the meaning of the term according to the context in which he uses it.He uses ‘mimesis’ in the context of the education of the youth; he discusses the function of ‘mimesis’ as likening oneself to another in speech and bodily behav iour and as addressing the lower part of man’s soul; he also refers to the epistemology and metaphysics of the concept. He takes the word ‘mimesis’ with pedagogic attributes and uses it in educational and ethical context when he says ‘guardians of an ideal state should be educated to imitate only what is appropriate’.In the third book of the Republic, for instance, Plato provides further definitions of ‘mimesis’, centering on the relation between ‘mimesis’ and poetry, ‘mimesis’ and education and also poetry and education. ‘Since young people learn essentially through imitation, it is significant to select the models’. ‘Mimesis suggests unfavourable effect on the part of the young people’ and ‘poetry is one important source of the youth’s experience with examples and models’; therefore, if the world of models and examples ought to be controlled in the interest of educ ation, poetry must be likewise subject to control.Plato argues the case in the Republic as follow: The youth cannot distinguish what is allegorical from what is not, and the belief they acquire at the age are hard to expunge and usually remain unchanged. That is important that the first stories they hear should be well told and dispose them to virtue. The contents, forms, and representational modes of poetry play an important ethical role in the education of guardians and should, because of the effects they exercise through mimetic process, be based on ethical principles.Young people should only imitate brave, sober, pious and noble men, which will increase their strength and will not infect them with weakness. In this sense, it is argued in the Republic that tragedy and comedy, as mimetic poetry, represent injustice among the gods in the assertion that gods are responsible for unhappiness among people. In the Platonic conception, gods cannot be evil; heroes cannot be weak. The poet ’s representation violates the truth and by representing the deficiencies of gods and heroes, has negative effect on the community and the education of youth.Mimetic poetry not only misrepresents gods and heroes and leads young people to immoral behaviours but also appeals to and strengthens the lower, desiring part of the soul. According to Plato, poetry encourages short-term indulgence in our emotions when reason would forbid their gratification because it is useless or harmful for the citizen who considers life as a whole. ‘Reason is a capacity that enables moral quality and authorities.Poetry is intuitive and stirs up a part of a citizen that ought to be kept quiet and fosters the lower part of the soul against the rule of higher part, reason’ Poetry becomes a dangerous rival to morality, which ‘is able to corrupt even good man and is a very dangerous thing encouraging all the lower desires and making them hard to cope with suffering in the theatre, and taking pleasure in laughing at comedies tends to affect our attitudes in real life and make us cynical and unserious.Sex, anger, and all desires, pleasure and pains are fostered by poetic imitation, thus, Homer and tragic poets are not true example for a citizen’. Poetry, then, taking its theme as human emotion and human frailty, threatens to disturb the balance and rational disposition of the individual for the individual, by way of his mimetic abilities, is infected through poetry. Philosophy provides wisdom and truth in the education but poetry has a potential capacity to demoralize mind.For example, Homer’s poetry was drawn on for educational purposes as a collection of knowledge and wisdom and enter in to competition with philosophy, it should therefore, be censored. It is obvious that poetry endangers the ideal citizens who can control and manage their feelings and remain reasonable, thus should be censored. While being an aspect of misrepresentation and somethi ng used in a dangerous way for the education of young people, ‘mimesis' may also come to mean re-enactment in Plato’s dialogue when it refers to the imitation of a man in action in drama.In the Republic, Plato uses the term to refer to the behaviour of the philosopher: â€Å"As he looks upon and contemplates things that are ordered and ever the same, that do no wrong, are not wronged by, each other, being all in rational order. He imitates them and tries to become like them as he can† A similar process occurs in tragedy, which is the artistic and dramatic re-enactment of ritual and myth and transformation of religion. Through tragedy it becomes possible for a man to represent the divinity and gods.For instance, the re-enactment, in Athenian drama, is equivalent to acting out the role of a mythical figure. ‘Mimesis’, in such a context, designates the imitation of earlier re-enactment, the instances of which is taken from myth and rituals. The nature o f ritual is spiritual and pleasing and such primitive rituals serve communal interests, in that each member of community gets rid of self. A tragic play may lead to self alienation; and may lead to identification with the fallen character and with the hero. The process of re-enactment, then, leads one to enter into another’s feelings and suffering.Plato insists that no one of truly noble character could suffer as a tragic hero does, since one whose soul is in a state of harmony is not to be influenced and hurt. Therefore, he objects to the re-enactment of ritual. Mimetic behaviour should be avoided because it may lead to identification with fallen characters and with the hero. Plato in the Republic argues that ‘or have you not observed that imitations, if conditioned, settle down youth’s life, and turn into habits and become second nature in the body, the speech and the thought .Apart from this, people identify themselves by means of their mimetic ability when th ey see themselves in the other and perceive a state of mutual equality. In this sense ‘mimesis’ is distinct from mimicry, which implies only a physical and no mental, relation: a person regards the ‘Other’ as equal and assumes the ‘Other ‘ to be doing the same in reverse. In this respect, a person who imitates is doomed to self-sacrifice and lack of self-identity.Moreover, the process of mimetic identification becomes a source of pleasure in the form of tragedy, which correspondingly frames the myth or re-enacts to substitute the myth in the form of dramatic representation. In the seventh book of the Republic, which is about law, he states ‘we are ourselves authors of tragedy, and that the finest and the best we know how to make’. In fact, our whole polity has been constructed as a dramatization (mimetic) of noble and perfect life; that is what we hold to be truth in the most of real tragedies’. However, in art, ‘mimesi s’ has a different function.Aesthetically, ‘mimesis’ refers to misrepresentation. Reality and truth can only be understood through reason. The artist works with inspiration and imagination: the two faculties don’t give us the true image of reality, and the end of tragedy is a partial loss of moral identity. On the one hand, there is ‘mimesis’ as a re-enactment of Dionysian rituals in the form of tragedy which leads to self-sacrifice and wrong identity and which addresses the lower part of the soul and corrupts the ethical development of the youth. On the other hand, there is ‘mimesis’ as an imitative, imperfect image of reality.In a sense, Plato’s resistance to ‘mimesis’ is not only due to the fact that tragedy (mimetic art) may lead the audiences back to the ritual and irrational mode of primitive society but also due to the fact that mimetic art is an imitation of objects (eidon), which are imitations themsel ves. He objects to ‘mimesis’ for the fact there is no relationship between what is imitated and what is real. ‘Mimesis’ designates the ability to create expression and representation on the part of poet, painter and actor, both in a general and specific sense.For example, the painter produces a relationship between an image he created and the object. If the relationship consists in the production of similarity, then, there arises a question of where the similarity between image and object lies. If the images he creates don’t make a reference to reality and real object, and if the relationship between object and image is on the level of similarity created by the poet through art, then, there appears a lack of link between true and false. But in Plato’s philosophy the relationship between objects and reality does not consist of likeness or similarity.According to Plato, Demiurge creates the idea and by beholding the idea Demiurge produces the ob ject; his ability is exalted in the imitation of the Idea. The poet, on the other hand, creates the images neither by seeing the idea nor from more substantive knowledge of the object since he produces nothing but phenomena by holding up a mirror. In this sense, the artist produces appearance and his work cannot provide us with true insight. Then, when a poet writes about the bed, for instance, it is not a bed manufactured by the craftsman from the idea nor does it have any relation to the real bed; it is only simulation and phenomena.There is also a difference between the knowledge of the poet and the knowledge of the craftsman. Man makes things and makes images. The craftsman makes the things following the original copy or model; the poet follows the image of the model or copy; therefore he gives only a proportion of reality. The proportion of knowledge and opinion, truth and falsity plays a contrasting role in distinguishing imitation as proportion of being to appearance. Plato a rgues that to understand the image, one needs to know the reality and the path to reality is in philosophy and reason, not in poetry and emotion.Although Plato admits that every object in nature is a reflection of the Idea, he doesn’t object to the reflection of object in nature. Plato uses mirror and water as constant metaphors to clarify the relationship between reality and the reflection of eidon. Plato argues that the poet holds up mirror to nature and in his work we see the reflection of nature not reality. He objects to the reflection of objects in the mirror, since things are divided into two parts: visible and intelligible. The first of the visible things is the class of copies, which includes shadows and reflections in the mirror.The second class of visible things is that of which the previous is a likeliness or copy. Plato objects to the reflection of object in the mirror, since mirror (poet) imprisons and limits the image. And he also objects to the imitation, sinc e the poet imitates without knowledge. Therefore, it is not its imitative character but its lack of truth and knowledge, which brings poetry to its low estate. Homer and all the poetic tribe are imitators of images of virtue and other things but they do not rely on truth. Poetry, after all, is a madness that seizes the soul when it contemplates in true knowledge of goods.Plato’s objection to ‘mimesis’ may also interpreted as a reaction to the sophistic thinking that aims to produce images that the listener will regard as real, all of which take place in the world of phenomena. Image, thought, and opinion combine into a world of appearance characterized by nonbeing, a phenomenal nature and similarity. And as long as illusion and reality are not distinguished, science, ignorance, and appearance merge together. Within the concept of ‘mimesis’, then, Plato creates an independent sphere of the aesthetic consisting of appearance, image and illusion and exc ludes it from the domain of philosophy.He insists that there are no phenomena without being, no images without reality, no ‘mimesis’ without a model. Yet reality and idea cannot be represented without knowledge and images are not part of reality. Plato, in the Republic, in Ion, and in Symposium uses the concept of ‘mimesis’ with several meanings. He refers to the education of the young in Book X of the Republic; in Ion he develops a metaphysical discourse on the concept of imitation, and in Book III of the Republic he objects to imitation because ‘mimesis’addresses and strengthens the lower part of the spirit.Plato refers to ethical aspects of ‘mimesis’ whenever he refers to the concept of imitation. That is, ‘mimesis’ is an ethical matter in Plato’s dialogues. He is not interested in the aesthetic aspect of ‘mimesis’; therefore, he does not pay attention to the form and matter of ‘mimesisâ₠¬â„¢and art. Plato deals with the value of ‘mimesis’. Aristotle is the first to deal with ‘mimesis’ as a theory of art. He dwells on the concept of ‘mimesis’ as an aesthetic theory of art and ‘considers imitation in terms of the form in which it is embodied’.By imitation, ‘he means something like representation’ through which ‘mimesis’ becomes the equivalent of artistic and aesthetic enterprise’. Unlike Plato, Aristotle also argues that ‘mimesis’ is not morally destructive since reason controls art. II. The Concept of Imitation in Aristotle Aristotle states that all human actions are mimetic and that men learn through imitation. In particular, ‘mimesis’ is the distinguishing quality of an artist. He argues that ‘public classifies all those who write in meter as poets and completely misses the point that the capacity to produce an imitation is the essential quality of the poet’.The poet is distinguished from the rest of mankind with the ‘essential ability to produce imitation’. A poet may imitate in one of three styles in poetry; he may use pure narrative, in which he speaks in his own person without imitation, as in the dithyrambs, or he may use mimetic narrative and speaks in the person of his characters, as in comedy and tragedy. A poet may use mixed narrative, in which he speaks now in his own person and now in the person of his character, as in epic poetry. Mimetic poetry may also differ according to the object of imitation.In this respect, tragedy differs from comedy in that it makes its characters better rather than worse. ‘Mimesis’, particularly, becomes a central term when Aristotle discusses the nature and function of art. In the Poetics, he defines tragedy as: ‘as an imitation of human action that is serious, complete and of a certain magnitude; in language embellished with every kind of artistic ornament, the various kinds being found in different parts of the play; it represents man in action rather than using narrative, through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation of these emotion’.Aristotle is interested in the form of imitation and goes on to consider plot, character, diction, thought, spectacle and song as constituting elements of a typical tragedy. The action of plot must be complete in itself with a proper beginning, middle and an end. All parts of action must be equally essential to the whole. Each part of the tragedy is imitation itself. Character in tragedy imitates the action of noble man who has to be a man of some social standing and personal reputation, but he has to be presented us in terms of his weaknesses because it is his weakness that will make his fall believable.Aristotle thinks that all types of art are mimetic but each may differ in the manner, means, and object of imitation. Music imitates in sound and rhythm, painting in color and po etry in action and word. Aristotle’s ‘mimesis’ does not refer to the imitation of Idea and appearances, like that of Plato. He argues that each area of knowledge is imitation in the sense that as a human being we all learn through imitation. However, he carefully makes a distinction between different kinds of knowledge.For instance, he claims that art and philosophy deal with different kind of truth; philosophy deals with concrete and absolute truth, whereas art deals with aesthetic and universal truth. The difference, for instance, between mimetic poetry and history is stated as ‘one writes about what has actually happened, while the other deals with what might happen’. Art, unlike science, doesn’t abstract universal form but imitates the form of individual things and unites the separate parts presenting what is universal and particular.Therefore, the function of poetry is not to portray what has happened but to portray what may have happened in accord with the principle of probability and necessity. Since poetry deals with universal truth, history considers only particular facts; poetry is more philosophical and deserves more serious attention. In addition, aesthetic representation of reality is not technical, factual, philosophical, and historical. Aristotle compares aesthetic process (mimesis) with the process that takes place in nature.While nature moves through internal principles, art moves through organic principles like plot, action, characters, diction, and there is a unity among them. In a sense, art imitates nature and the deficiencies of nature are supplemented in the process of imitation, and art follows the same method, as nature would have employed. Thus, ‘if a house were natural product, it would pass through the same stages that in fact it passes through when it is produced by art, they would move along the same lines the natural process actually takes’. Poets, like nature, are capable of c reating matter and form.The origin of nature is nature itself and the origin of art is the artist and the defining characteristic of the artist is the ability to create, through imitation, as nature does. The artist constructs the plot as an organizing principle, character constitutes the relation and carries on the action and style gives pleasure. For instance, the plot of tragedy and Dionysian rituals display similar organization. The rituals begin with the spring, which is a striking and beautiful time of the year, and they represent the strength of gods and nature upon primitive society.Tragedy, like the image of spring, has a striking and fascinating beginning and, like ritual, a tragic play pervades and shapes the feelings of the audiences. Dionysian ritual is a sacrifice of human being for gods and nature in the hope for a better and peaceful beginning. Similarly, the tragic hero is symbolically sacrificed after which there appears a peace. Then, the poet takes tragedy, as a mimetic representation of myth, from the natural course of an event that takes place in nature and reorganizes it.In this sense, ‘mimesis’ designates the imitation and the manner in which, as in nature, creation takes place. Mimesis, as Aristotle takes it, is an active aesthetic process. He argues that ‘imitation is given us by nature and men are endowed with these gifts, gradually develop them and finally create the art of poetry’. The poet does not imitate reality but brings reality into existence through ‘mimesis’. The poet recreates and reorganizes already known facts and presents them in a fresh and attractive way; therefore, though audiences know the story of Sophocles’ Oedipus, they go and watch it.The reality as presented to us through ‘mimesis’ is superior and universal not only because we are pleased to learn through imitation but also because such reality is better. Homer, for instance, depicts Achilles not only a s a bad character but also depicts his goodness. Mimesis is thus copying and changing. The poet creates something that previously did not exist and for which there are no available models. Even in dealing with historical materials, the poet needs to fashion it in accord with his art rising to a higher level than is found in reality.Art is fictitious but the mimetic and aesthetic nature of art pervades the fictitious deviation and a work of art forces the thing to appear as something more beautiful and better than that nature and human being posses in common, ‘for it is always writer’s duty to make world better’. It can be argued that Aristotle defines and argues about art with respect to ‘mimesis’, and the concept of imitation in Aristotle is an aesthetic matter. Mimesis is not only ‘origin of art but also a distinguishing quality of man, since imitation is natural to mankind from childhood on’; in addition ‘all men find pleasure i n imitation’.He claims that there are ‘things that distress us when we see them in reality, but the most accurate representation of these same things we view with pleasure. In this sense, catharsis is not a moral and psychological matter but a natural end of the aesthetic act as Salkaver discusses below: Fear and pity are dangerous emotions: painful and troubled feelings arise from the imagination of an imminent evil and cause destruction and pain. Pity, in particular, is a kind of pain upon seeing deadly or painful evil happening to one who does not deserve.However, in the representation of such feelings one feels empathy and gets rid of them. So, a work of art gives a man an opportunity to get rid of painful and troubled feelings arising from the imagination of an imminent evil that may cause destruction and pain on the part of the citizen. Aristotle develops a consistent theory of art upon the concept of imitation. He begins saying that all human actions are imitatio n, then, he focuses on poetry and other areas of studies like history and philosophy. Lastly, he dwells on the poet and the concept of imitation as taken and practiced by playwrights.All his arguments upon ‘mimesis’ are, both in general and in specific sense, have aesthetics quality, since he does not take imitation as social, moral or political phenomena but as an activity of the artist. CONCLUSION Plato’s main concern is with the public recitation of dramatic and epic poetry and in Plato there is emulation between philosophy and poetry. The poet influences the character of the young in every way and has corruptive impact upon the education of the young mind. In addition, poets don’t have a true knowledge of the things.Plato suggests that the emotional appeal is a threat to reason, that mimetic art is remote from reality, that the poet is not serious and knows nothing about poetry and cannot give satisfactory information about his art. It is obvious that he resists the concept of imitation in the case of poetic composition. Tragedy, in particular, and poetry, in general are concerned with pleasure rather than instruction and since it is not possible to imitate a wise and quiet person in the play, since such a person does not fit the content of tragedy, ‘mimesis’ is ethically distracting.Therefore, the function of various discussions of mimetic art in the Republic is ethical: wherever he mentions art he discusses it in relation to education and ethics. Although Aristotle agrees with Plato that poetry has the power to stimulate emotions, he does not pay much attention to the ethical and epistemological aspects of ‘mimesis’. Yet he dwells on the pleasure that men take in learning and argues that tragedy discharges the feelings and spectators leave the play in a state of calm, free of passions.He does not restrict art and poetry and the concept of ‘mimesis’. Aristotle’s ‘mimesisâ€℠¢ is defined by mythos and praxis’, which brings the concept close to areas of time and action- in contrast to Platonic ‘mimesis’, which is closer to image, imagination and imitation. He argues that tragedy is the imitation (mimesis) of a man in action. Aristotle’s ‘mimesis’ is active and creative; and he gives a dynamic character to ‘mimesis’ by introducing mythos and praxis, thus, defines art as ‘mimesis’ and the artist as character.Plato worries about the moral effect of poetry, while Aristotle strikes to psychology and returns repeatedly to shuddering terror (phobos) and pity (eleos) that the tragedy is creating in the spectator, who therefore repeats or imitates what has already taken place on stage. Plato argues that there is a duality between art (mimesis and narrative art) and ethics. The more poetic the poems are the less suited are they to the ears of men. Artistically, the better the comedy is, the worst it is, since the more attractive and perfect the comedy is the more disastrous its effects are.For instance, Homer, in the â€Å"Iliad† tells us or narrates the story of cypresses, as he was himself a cypress. He tells the story as far as it makes the audience feel that not Homer is the speaker, but the priest, an old man. This manner of representation (impersonation), according to Plato, leads to the loss-of-self or transformation of identity and becomes a matter of moral destruction. Aristotle takes the same activity of impersonation in a different way.He praises Homer for not telling excessively in his own voice since, after a few words he immediately brings on stage a man or woman or some other characters that represent the action with larger perspective. As a conclusion, ‘mimesis’ has since the antiquity been discussed to refer to the relation between reality and representation. The nature of discussion upon the concept of ‘mimesis’ as a theory of art changes according to the person who discusses the term and the way he deals with the term.Auerbach, for instance, distinguishes the reality and ‘mimesis’ in literature with respect to the narrative techniques and argues that Homeric epic is not mimetic but realistic since; narration of the tales comprehends every detail and leaves no space for interpretation. Plato, on the other hand, agrees that reality cannot be represented; therefore, ‘mimesis’ is misrepresentation of truth. Aristotle becomes the defender of ‘mimesis’ against Plato and develops a theory of art with reference to ‘mimesis' and claims that art (mimetic art) is superior to philosophy and histpry.