Examining Effective Leadership Styles

Examining Effective Leadership Styles Throughout history of health care policy makers they were challenged to develop powerful leadership skills for future nurses leaders. Therefore there was a need to develop different contemporary leadership styles and behaviors, other than those theories known before. Contemporary leadership styles is not just a group of skills or missions, it is rather an attitude that value on the collaboration and effective teamwork. Contemporary leadership is dynamic relationship that will lead the leaders and followers to a higher level of moral and teamwork development. (Lanier Rose, 2008). Effective leaders as reflected in this literature of leadership, is one who is having the ability to create a healthy environment that will affect the motivation, efficiency, and effectiveness of their employees. In addition a good leader needs to have different leadership styles and attitude, and need to know in which situation he/she can evidence a particular approach. Furthermore in order for good leaders to drive their organization forward they need to practice authority, and help their employees to motivate, plan, lead, control, organize and achieve their goals and activities. (Jenkins, 2009). This paper covers briefly seven contemporary leadership styles: quantum leadership, charismatic leadership, transactional leadership, transformational leadership, shared leadership, and servant leadership. Also in this assay I will discusses and examine effective leader from throughout the literature and how leaders can develop effective leadership styles that will impact successfully on the organization. Mainly by exploring and comparing between two famous forms of contemporary leadership approaches, the transactional and transformational leadership styles. Thin I will focus on my writing on one of the nursing leaders that inspired me, what were her leadership styles, and what makes her a good leader in my view, and what I think she was lacking as a leader. Contemporary leadership styles Quantum leadership is based on important strategies, such as building capacity, thinking, planning, and working in collectively. In one of the research study program conducted by Jennifer Milewski, she developed seven drives of effective quantum leadership which are building strong community relationship, open the way for the community initiative, find source of power in society, deal with difficult and complicated tasks, build relationships with other systems, motivate employee for continuous learning, and bring the future to the present. (Milewski, 2006). What makes quantum good is that the leadership is shared activity and skills between the leader and employee in the health care system because all the staff and patient can have access to the information not only the leader. (Sullivan Decker, 2009). Leaders how are having charismatic personality characterizes by being dynamic, with attractive and magnetic personality, and they inspire their followers through their speech. What makes this style strong and powerful is that people follow the leader speech regardless of the content of their message without the need for providing evidence and they usually value religion and politics more than facts, on the other hand charismatic is limited because followers today are more knowledgeable and aware and they will not listen to any leader easily without providing evidence based practice. (Mc Crimmon, 2007). Martin Luther King is good example for this style. Transactional leadership is about exchanging socially whereby the leader and follower are expected to give and receive social, political, physiological, and economical benefit. In this style leaders are expected to motivate, enhance and meet their employee goals, objectives, and loyalty within the scope of their practice and policy, moreover transactional leader work on day to day operation, it is like when you are asked to work overtime hours and on the other hand you expect to receive bonus. (Sullivan Decker, 2009). Transformational leadership as defined by Burns is based on motivating, inspiring and empowering both leader and follower, and to work side by side to achieve and maintain the vision and preferred future. Transformational leader see themselves as a changing agent, lifelong learner, believes in people and able to handle and manage complex task. Transactional leadership has been the basis for the nursing administration curriculum. (Malloch Porter, 2006). Relational leadership or connective leadership as introduced by Klakovich is based on flexible management that will motivate health care team, clients, and families. She also explained that this approach focuses in creating and strengthens interconnection between and among multidisciplinary team. (Klakovich, 1994). The manager usually shows relational leadership element when convening the multidisciplinary team to plan or change the patient care program, and this will break the hierarchical relationship and lead all member to develop leadership at all level in the organization. (Sullivan Decker, 2009). Shared leadership is based on the principle of relationships, partnerships, discussion, and understanding the limit. This approach shares the managing and leading responsibilities between two or more leaders since they donà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t expect that one leader has the ability and knowledge to handle and manage all tasks effectively. (Sullivan Decker, 2009). Servant leadership approach is suggested to support nursing staff in patient care where extra expectation and support are required from the managers, it is also ensure quality nursing care where there is increase the demand on nursing work force. In health care environment ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s believed that the work will be enhanced and be more effective with more servant- oriented management approach. (Jenkins Stewart, 2010). By the end, each leadership model is attempting to persuade the followers to follow their management strategies for the greater success of the organization. Effective leader and leadership Leadership is defined in many way but all of them agree that it is a process that influence individual, team, or the community to achieve their goal. It can be formal or informal depending on the leader authorities and personal skills. (Sullivan Decker, 2009). Effective leader must be able to influence, empower, and motivate the follower to participate for the effectiveness of the organization. (Chen, Beck, Amos, 2005). Mcshane and Vonglinow in 2005 listed some important characteristic and skills for effective leadership, those include but not limited to intelligent, confidence, motivation, knowledgeable about the business, integrity, command and emotional intelligent, and these skills will enable the leaders to be effective and strong with any leadership style they are following. One reason that might affect the development of effective leader is when a new leader is surprised that people who promoted them are not following, especially in health care system where leadership position is given without strong educational background and experience. Therefore the leader must develop better ways for managing, leading, and convincing their follower. They should be able to negotiate, and satisfy their employees in order to drive the organization forward. (Karlene, 2008). In nursing career leaders who function beyond the classic leadership style are needed, that will provide a direct contact between nurses and their manager in order to create positive work environment specially where retaining nurses are becoming a great challenges. (Amany, Susan, Mary, 2009). Through my reading I realized that effective leader must practice authority, empower and motivate employees to face their fears, and enable them to share in decision making process and by being intelligent in selecting the most effective leadership style that works with different changes in the organization, can have a major impact on the successful of the organization. Moreover maintaining and stabilizing the organization after achieving the success and desired vision is critical for the progression to continue. Transactional and transformational leaderships Many researchers have conducted to examine the most effective model between transactional and transformational leadership theories. The difference between both of them where first recognized by Weber 1998, who said that transactional leadership power is based on controlling the basis of knowledge and leaders usually aim to compromise and negotiate with followers in order to achieve higher efficiency, and they promote subordinates to complete their successful. On the other hand in transformational approach leaders have charismatic character that aim to transform employees and help them to change ways of thinking by using new ideas, and leaders create learning opportunities for their followers and encourage them to solve problems. (Kotlyar, Karakowsky, 2006). Other studies have related transformational and charismatic approaches; both are similar by attracting and enhancing followers. In contrast charismatic inspires followers superficially; however charismatic is certainly a shot of transformational leader. (Bass Bass,2008). what I cant forget and still wander in my mind when she said to me: always follow your intuition and answer the hidden voice inside you, whenever you feel that something wrong is going on with your patient even if you are sure that she is clinically stable, and that is just feeling, dont ignore it and check her continuously till that feeling leave you. Later I realized that sometimes such feeling is harbinger.

Ethics of Biobanks

Ethics of Biobanks Biobank is a large collection of biological information and tissue samples kept for research purposes. It is also a powerful tool used in the study of diseases. It is an important resource in supporting different types of contemporary research such as personalised drug and genomics. Biobank enable scientist to have cross purpose research studies in which data derived from samples in biobanks can be used for multiple researches. E.g. Biobanks can enable scientist identify disease biomarkers by using large collections of samples which represent hundreds of thousands of people. Its been shown that before biobanks was invented little or known was known about different disease and biomarkers and scientist struggled to find enough samples to know what sort of disease they are dealing with. Although its not all good news for the use of Biobanks due to research ethics and medical ethics. This issues were raised because of PRIVACY whereby operating biobanks without the knowledge of governing bodies and policies could be bad for the societies that take part in Biobank programs There are types of biobanks, Tissue banks and Virtual biobanks and population banks, before I explain the types Im going to explain a lot more about biobanks Biobanks incorporate cryogenic storage facilities for samples in which it can be an individual refrigerator or a big warehouse refrigerator. They are kept up to standard by the hospital, pharmaceutical companies and universities etc. Disease oriented biobanks may be classed by design and purpose because this biobanks collect information or samples representing different forms of diseases in which it can be used to also find a biomarker associated with a specific disease. Population based biobanks are big biobanks that collect large samples from large numbers of people in a community. This is done to look for biomarkers for disease in a general population. Tissue Banks- Store and harvest human tissue for transplantation, stem cell and researches based on tissue and cells Virtual biobanks samples are collected and termed to meet national regulations and integrate epidemiological cohorts Population banks they store organic material associated with clinical, lifestyle and environmental data. Biobank ethics There are many roles which comes into effect when researchers wants to collect a human specimen for research and storing it. The issues that comes into effect are the right of the participants to be private, ownership of the specimen and where the data is derived from. Also how far the donor can consent to the research study should be considered and to which extent the donor can far in sharing research results. The main issue is that biobanks collect sample and data for different future research and it is not easy to get a specific consent for any single research. Biobank controversies[1] issue consensus controversy notes Commercialization Different aspects of biobanks serve public, private, commercial, and non-commercial interests. How can policymakers set guidelines to fairly balance public, private, commercial, and non-commercial interests? Who owns biological specimens and data derived therefrom? When biobanks and related projects are publicly funded, the result will benefit private industry. To what extent is this outcome satisfactory? (Social Fairness). It may also undermine public trust in biobanks projects. It may skew research agenda in favour of research projects which are more profitable and compromise necessary but not profitable research. discrimination, including Genetic discrimination Biobanks should prevent donor communities from facing discrimination as a result of participating in a Biobank project Research reveals private information and release of it may cause participants to face discrimination. What responsibility does the Biobank have to mitigate the problem? Participants may reveal their own information because of participation in a Biobank and subsequently face discrimination. What responsibility does the Biobank have to mitigate the problem? informed consent Donors to biobanks need a consent process adjusted specifically to biobanks. What breadth of consent should biobanks have? [2] Institutional review board It would be nice to have a robust governance system before biobanks are created. How will a good governance system be designed? The oversight institution reviewing biobanks should be independent of the Biobank. Where should checks and balances be? An individual organization needs multinational support to do international research. Who should govern when research spans different countries with different legal and personal rights standards? Privacy for research participants Donors should have their specimens sufficiently anonymised. A specimen by nature includes some data about donors how much anonym zing is sufficient? [3][4] Donors have some right to return of results. How does one return results to anonymised donors? [3][5] Donors have a right to withdraw from research. Specimens can be destroyed, but to what extent should anonymised data which has already been shared be withdrawn? [5] Data derived from specimens should be shared. Who gets access and how much? [3] Changing technology makes it difficult for researchers to say how safe participant information is. What protections can be promised? [6] Return of results Donors have a right to know the purpose of a Biobank and what results it generates When should all donors share general information and when does each donor have a personal right to personal information? Public consultation Everyone wants the researchers and community to work together. What resources should be spent doing outreach, and how much involvement does the community want, and what role should the community have? Communities should participate in writing laws, standards, and policies for research. How can communities be encouraged to participate, who represents the community, and how much involvement should there be? Patients should be involved when there is research on diseases. When people are desperate because of a disease, to what extent can they participate fairly without feeling obligation to support research? Communities which donate specimens to a Biobank should have special involvement in their Biobank. What kind of involvement? Resource sharing Research efficiency increases greatly when resources are shared. How should beneficiaries share costs? This is especially problematic when a Biobank is a national resource and another country wants access to it. Results of studies should go to the widest possible audience. When should this happen and in what way? Can results be released with commercial licensing for use?

How the Pill Affects Your Body :: Birth Control Contraception Pregnancy Essays

How the Pill Affects Your Body Every night at 11 p.m., the alarm clock in 21-year-old Natacha’s* one-bedroom apartment goes off. It isn’t a signal to wake her up from a quick nap to write a paper or do some reading, but a reminder that it is time to take her birth control. As soon as it goes off her live-in boyfriend of three years, Julian, brings her a pill and a glass of water. â€Å"In the beginning Julian used to call me at 11 to remind me to take my pill,† said Natacha, who had a long distance relationship with him during the first two years they were dating. â€Å"Now he just brings it to me.† Natacha is just one of the many female students at Northeastern University who is currently taking the birth control pill. In a survey of 30 students, 56 percent indicated that they take the pill. â€Å"Oral contraception is the most common [contraceptive] among students,† said Leah McKinnon-Howe, a health care practitioner at Lane Health Center. â€Å"I write more prescriptions for the pill.† The birth control pill, which is used by over 16 million women nationwide, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1960 and is available in 41 brands on the market. The pill comes in two different forms, combination pills and progestin-only pills. Although both are made form hormones that are naturally found in women’s bodies, the combination pill also contains estrogen, which is not found in the progestin-only pills. Combination pills prevent ovulation and thicken the cervical mucus that surrounds the egg, preventing the fusion of the egg and the sperm. Progestin-only pill also thicken the cervical mucus but usually don’t prevent ovulation. Estrogen and progestin are both steroids that are produced in the female body. Estrogen, the female sex hormone, is created by the ovaries, corpus luteum, and the placenta. It is responsible for the development of breasts and also controls the menstrual cycle. Progestin is also involved in the menstrual cycle. Produced f rom granulose cells, it is secreted during the second half of the menstrual cycle and assists in developing embryos if pregnancy occurs. According to McKinnon-Howe, there are many reasons why students choose to take the pill. â€Å"They usually take it for contraception, but some are not sexually active. They take it for dysmenorrheal, some for cycle regulation, or the improvement of acne† said McKinnon-Howe. The advantages that are linked to taking the birth control pill are numerous.

Human Inequality :: essays research papers

Nothing in life is guaranteed, but there is one thing that we all expect to receive throughout our lifetime. Every human demands to be treated equally in the same manner as the person next to them. This general consensus of modern day was not the norm throughout the history of America. No matter how much we try not to look back upon our obtuse behavior towards particular ethnic groups, what took place cannot be undone. The only positive effect that can be derived from the past is to learn from these mistakes. Less than a century after abolishing what had become a two hundred year old practice of enslaving African Americans, the â€Å"Land of the Free† again displayed its disregard for human equality as Japanese Americans were stripped of their every belonging and sent to internment camps during World War II. The enslavement of African Americans began during a time when the United States was a budding country in the need for cheap labor. In response to this necessity, slave traders would go to various regions within Africa to hunt for the residents who they would then capture and sell. It is mind-blowing to imagine an entire family being taken from their home in chains, only to then be separated never to see one another again. These Africans were not only robbed of their family and home but also their freedom and right to live their own lives. Upon their arrival to America, along with the new title of African Americans, came a new life of cruelty and inhumanity. Their self-respect was the first thing to be disposed of as they were assigned a monetary value when auctioned off like prize cattle. In Jacobs’ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, the author describes the sale of her uncle with, â€Å"Though only ten years old, seven hundred and twenty dollars was paid for him.† This was only the beginning of the slaveholders’ attempt to confiscate any remnant piece of dignity so that the slaves could be more easily oppressed. Slaveholders recognized the potential that knowledge created within a person and thus, kept their slaves as ignorant as possible. Because literacy was not allowed by any means, slaves were deprived of the celebrated joy of a birthday. Douglass describes in Narrative of the Life of an American Slave, slaves’ inability to know their own birthday because there were no authentic records considering nobody was able to read or write.

E. E. Cummings :: essays research papers fc

The Poetry of E. E. Cummings E. E. Cummings, who was born in 1894 and died in 1962, wrote many poems with unconventional punctuation and capitalization, and unusual line, word, and even letter placements - namely, ideograms. Cummings' most difficult form of prose is probably the ideogram; it is extremely terse and it combines both visual and auditory elements. There may be sounds or characters on the page that cannot be verbalized or cannot convey the same message if pronounced and not read. Four of Cummings' poems - l(a, mortals), !blac, and swi( - illustrate the ideogram form quite well. Cummings utilizes unique syntax in these poems in order to convey messages visually as well as verbally. Although one may think of l(a as a poem of sadness and loneliness, Cummings probably did not intend that. This poem is about individuality - oneness (Kid 200-1). The theme of oneness can be derived from the numerous inezces and forms of the number '1' throughout the poem. First, 'l(a' contains both the number 1 and the singular indefinite article, 'a'; the second line contains the French singular definite article, 'le'; 'll' on the fifth line represents two ones; 'one' on the 7th line spells the number out; the 8th line, 'l', isolates the number; and 'iness', the last line, can mean "the state of being I" - that is, individuality - or "oneness", deriving the "one" from the lowercase roman numeral 'i' (200). Cummings could have simplified this poem drastically ("a leaf falls:/loneliness"), and still conveyed the same verbal message, but he has altered the normal syntax in order that each line should show a 'one' and highlight the theme of oneness. In fact, the whole poem is shaped like a '1' (200). The shape of the poem can also be seen as the path of a falling leaf; the poem drifts down, flipping and altering pairs of letters like a falling leaf gliding, back and forth, down to the ground. The beginning 'l(a' changes to 'le', and 'af' flips to 'fa'. 'll' indicates a quick drop of the leaf, which has slowed by a longer line, 'one'. Finally, the leaf falls into the pile of fallen leaves on the ground, represented by 'iness'. Cummings has written this poem so perfectly that every part of it conveys the message of oneness and individuality (200). In mortals), Cummings vitalizes a trapeze act on paper.

Mobile Phone and Favorite Website Facebook Essay

Introduction I. A woman driving her car, her eyes off the road, an accident occurred due to texting and are found dead. Being bullied on facebook led a teenage girl to commit suicide. II. These are the two scenarios in how technical reality is a dangerous part of today’s society. III. I have done research in texting and facebook that effects people in many different ways. IV. Today, I would like to persuade you that many people live in a technical world by using texting and a website like facebook instead of facing reality. (Transition: Let’s start with everyone’s favorite activity texting) Body I. Everyone is texting and has impacted their lives, which have caused them to injury or even death. People text while driving, running, walking, and even in places like school and work that are easily distracted by receiving a text. A. According to the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety there statistics show that in the year 2010 there has been over 33,788 lives lost. 1. Many people know the danger of texting, but they rather risk their lives and just answer that text they received or read an email instead of focusing on their driving. 2. For instance, on CBS News in Minnesota announced that a mother was texting on her cell phone, with her two kids in the car, and caused her to crash into a motorcyclist that was in serious injuries. B. Besides texting and driving, adults and students are easily distracted from work and/or school. 1. On September 2011, Chris Gayomali from Time, his statistics shows that 83% of American adults that own cell phones, 73% of them send roughly about 110 texts per day or 3,200 text messages per month. 2. For example, students are easily distracted when they feel the buzzer go off on their cell phone and are eager to read their text, which cause them to loose focus of the lecture. (Transition: Now that I have discussed about texting let’s move on to everyone’s favorite website facebook.) II. Everyone has facebook. More than 800 million people have a profile activated. Most people use facebook to gossip about each other even adults. A. Many teenagers have facebook and are harming them in many ways. Some are being distracted from school; some are being bullied on facebook. According to Consumer Reports, 7 million kids under 13 are on Facebook. 1. For instance, the ABC News on October 2011 Nicolette Taylor a 13-year-old girl was being bullied on facebook about her having a big nose, which caused her to have cosmetic surgery done at a young age. 2. Another incident occurred, Douglas Stanglin from USA today, that Phoebe Prince a 15-year-old teen a recent immigrant from Ireland was found hanging from her room dead due to being bullied on facebook and harassed. B. Besides the facebook teens’ bullying, adults are zoned into facebook at work and not focused on their work. 1. For example, at my job New York Road Runner the organization of the NYC Marathon, I have seen m any on facebook chatting and browsing on photos, which have nothing to do with their work. Conclusion I. As we have heard that the virtual world is effecting everyone in different ways II. For our safety and the safety of others we should stop texting and face our reality. III. Being focused on a cell phone or facebook your being distracted from school, work, friends, or places you worship. IV. I encourage you today to try to use less of your cell phones or/ and facebook page and pay attention to the world. Bibliography AAA Foundation of Traffic Safety. Distracted Driving Gayomali, Chris. Jaw Dropper; 18 to 24 olds Average 110 Text Massages per Day, Time Techland, September 2011. Print. Chang, JuJu. Bullied on Facebook, teen 13, Gets Nose Job, ABC News, October 2011. Print. Stanglin, Douglas. Nine, Teens charged with Bullying in Teen’s Suicide, USA Today, March 2010. Print.

Indian Essay

India experienced the fall, absence, and the re-establishment of an empire while Hinduism took over the religion of Buddhism and the establishment of the caste system took place throughout the period 300-600 C. E. There were many features that changed throughout the classical era and many things that also continued after that. The Gupta Empire was founded by Chandra Gupta and was a very stable and prosperous empire from 320-588 C. E. After some time the Gupta Empire fell due to the invasions of Huns. India couldn’t maintain an empire due to the fact that the states failed to ommand loyalty, the great cultural diversity, the frequent invasions from Central Asia, and the caste system encouraged local loyalties. The decline of the Gupta Empire at the end of the classical era was not as bad as the fall of the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean. This indicates that there was no centralized empire until much later. Many important social and cultural aspects of Indian society outlived the Gupta rule in the classical era. Hinduism was supported by the Gupta emperors over Buddhism because Buddhism gradually declined and spread beyond India to different places. Read also  Arya Samaj at  https://essaysamurai.co.uk/arya-samaj/So Hinduism remained as the highly dominate religion. This symbolizes that the Indian society remained together by its common Hindu religion traits. Math and Science was also signified by the Gupta Empire. They found astronomy very interesting and impressive. The caste system was India’s was of social organization. There were two parts to the caste system: The Caste as Varna and the Caste as Jati. The function of the Caste system was that it was very local and so it focused loyalties on a restricted territory. It made empire building very difficult and the caste was like a substitute for the state.The caste provided some social security and support for widows, orphans etc. The caste was a means to accommodate the migrants and invaders. Last but not least the caste made it easier for the wealthy and powerful to exploit the poor. The caste system which used birth to place people into their sectors of the sacred hierarchy was closely tied to the Hindu religion. This system remained an integral part of Indian society for centuries. Over time, â€Å"Southernization† increased and cultural influences spread from India to South East Asia.There were many advances in Indian culture such as mathematics, which also continued into the future. Indian artistic styles, which primarily focused on the religious images, changed a little. The culture of the Indian subcontinent changed a little from the classical to postclassical eras. Child marriages still continued as well as the strength of Hinduism across India and beyond. The trade by land and sea still continued. The changes in the Indian society during the time 300-600 C. E. were not as obvious as those in Rome and China. Many changes and continuities still exist today in India.